Chapter 11

According to several studies on physical attractiveness, which of the following faces did participants rate as most attractive?

Faces that were an average (composite) of several other faces

True or false: In a study on physical attractiveness, researchers found that participants rated individual faces as more attractive than faces that were created by averaging up to 32 other faces.

False

The _______ attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation.

Fundamental

The murder of Kitty Genovese inspired researchers to examine whether

People are less likely to help if other people are present

______ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.

Persuasion

The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations is referred to as

The fundamental attribution error

Person perception is which of the following?

The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

v Which of the following are factors that contribute to attraction?

Ø Proximity, acquaintance, similarity

v When considering the factors of attraction identified in the text, there is physical closeness, otherwise known as _______. There is also acquaintance, and ______

Ø Proximity, similarity

v A confederate is _____

Ø Purposely placed in a study by the experimenter in order to manipulate the situation that participants must engage in

v ______ aggression involves harming the social standing of another person through activity such as gossiping and spreading rumors.

Ø Relational

v Researchers sent out resumes responding to job ads in two major cities. Which of the following accurately describes the results of the study?

Ø Resumes with stereotypically white names got significantly more callbacks than identical resumes with stereotypically black names

Lower levels of the neurotransmitter ______ have been linked to aggressive behavior

Ø Serotonin

v When someone is asked to identify themselves and they answer with religious or ethnic group affiliations, they are stating their ______ identity.

Ø Social

v ______ exchange theory focuses on the degree of equity in a relationship.

Ø Social

v ______ identity is a way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.

Ø Social

v _______ exchange theory focuses on the degree of equity in a relationship.

Ø Social

v The hormone related to aggression is which of the following?

Ø Testosterone

v ______ is the male hormone related to aggression

Ø Testosterone

What is the term in social psychology for the opinions and beliefs we have about people, things, and ideas?

Attitudes

________ theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.

Attribution

Research consistently has shown that increasing the amount of interaction between people can ______ (increase or decrease) negative stereotyping.

Decrease

Person ______ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

Perception

What would a social psychologist be most likely to study?

Personal attitudes and the perception of others

What is the term for expectations about a future event or behavior that act to increase the likelihood that the event or behavior will occur?

Self-fulfilling prophecies

If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. What does this illustrate?

Self-fulfilling prophecy

______ comparison is the process in which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.

Social

_______ _______ is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.

Social cognition

A(n) ________ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any individual differences.

Stereotype

Pam's new friend is a librarian so Pam assumes that she is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. What does Pam's thinking on this describe?

Stereotyping

What is the definition of social psychology?

The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others

The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others

Social cognition is which of the following?

The way in which individuals think in social situations.

Kitty Genovese's murder inspired research on peoples' likelihood of helping a person in distress. True or false?

True

v In Milgram's classic obedient study, what percentage of participants eventually use the highest setting on the shock generator - 450 volts - to shock the learner?

Ø 65%

v The limbic system and the frontal lobes are the brain structures related to which the following?

Ø Aggression

v The limbic system in the frontal lobes are brain structures related to the social behavior known as

Ø Aggression

v _______ refers to social behavior whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally

Ø Aggression

v _____ is giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

Ø Altruism

v Which of the following summarizes the evolutionary psychology explanation of altruistic behavior?

Ø Altruism is more likely to occur among family members, because helping a relative also means promoting the survival of the family's genes

v Prejudice which of the following?

Ø An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on his or her group membership

v In the field of social psychology, the term _______ describes opinions and beliefs that someone has towards a person, an object, or a concept

Ø Attitude

v Researchers who take a _____ viewpoint examine the influence of genetics and neurobiological factors on aggression

Ø Biological

v Researchers who take a(n) ______ viewpoint examine the influence of genetics and neurobiological factors on aggression.

Ø Biological

v _______ cultures value the group; therefore, they have been associated with greater levels of conformity.

Ø Collectivistic

v Social ______ is a process in which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people

Ø Comparison

v A(n) ______ is purposely placed in a study by the experimenter in order to manipulate the situation the participants must engage in.

Ø Confederate

v In Asch's famous research study, participants agreed with people making an incorrect choice then a line length judgment task. This study is a classic study of

Ø Conformity

v Solomon Asch is most associated with a classic study on what social psychological concept?

Ø Conformity

v We all adhere to the rules and norms of society to some degree. The fact that we attend work or school clothes, rather than nude, is an example of ______

Ø Conformity

v ______ is a change in behavior or attitudes brought by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people.

Ø Conformity

v The term ______ is used to describe a process that occurs when being part of group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility. One explanation for this is that being a group member gives us anonymity.

Ø Deindividuation

v ______ occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes a sense of personal responsibility.

Ø Deindividuation

v ______ is a negative or harmful action directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group

Ø Discrimination

v Which of the following neurotransmitters and neurohormones are associated with pro social behavior?

Ø Dopamine, oxytocin, serotonin

v ______ involves giving to another person for personal gain, such as to feel good or avoid guilt

Ø Egoism

v What is a key emotion involved in altruism that involves feeling a oneness with the emotional state of another?

Ø Empathy

v Social exchange theory rests on which of the following?

Ø Equity in a relationship

v The _____ perspective of reciprocity is that it serves to secure the survival of the family's genes even if the helped individual is not actually family

Ø Evolutionary

v Acts of kindness may actually lead to a negative mood. True or false

Ø False

v In the resume study, if a resume had a name like Tamika, Darnell, or Kareem, it was more likely to result in a callback than if the resume had a name like Meredith, Emily, or Brad. True or false

Ø False

v What does the frustration-aggression hypothesis state?

Ø Frustration always leads to aggression

v One theory of aggression suggests that ______ (the reaction to the thwarting or blocking of goals) produces anger, leading to a readiness to display ______

Ø Frustration, aggression

v The genetic basis for aggression states that ______ are important in understanding the biological basis of aggression

Ø Genes

v The role of _____ is most easily seen in nonhuman animals in the process of selective breeding

Ø Genes

v Altruism is which of the following?

Ø Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

v ______ is a type of thinking in which group members share a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternative points of view.

Ø Groupthink

v Which of the following are not associated with aggression?

Ø High levels of introversion

v In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that school segregation, in which whites and blacks attended separate schools, was unconstitutional. This illustrates which strategy to diminish the effects of prejudice and discrimination?

Ø Increasing contact between majority and minority groups

v ______ cultures value personal accomplishments in emphasize uniqueness, and have been associated with lower levels of conformity.

Ø Individualistic

v The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct is referred to as

Ø Informational social influence

v Which of the following personality traits are associated with aggression?

Ø Low levels of conscientiousness, low levels of agreeableness, coldness toward others

v Which of the following has been linked to aggressive behavior?

Ø Lower levels of serotonin

v Aggression, like other social behaviors, has _____ determinant(s)

Ø Multiple

v Miko has just transferred to a new high school and starts to dress and act like popular students there because she wants them to like her. This is an example of _____ social influence.

Ø Normative

v ______ social influences the influence that other people have on us because we want them to like and approve of us.

Ø Normative

v Milgram's classic study involving teachers, learners, and electric shocks was designed to examine the power of

Ø Obedience

v What is the social psychological term for a change of behavior in response to the commands of others?

Ø Obedience

v _______ is behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority.

Ø Obedience

v The ____ learning approach to aggression emphasizes that social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive.

Ø Observational

v Which approach to aggression emphasizes the environmental conditions that teach individuals to be aggressive?

Ø Observational learning

v Hitting, punching, and kicking are examples of ______ aggression.

Ø Overt

v ______ refers to directly harming another person, whether physically or verbally.

Ø Overt aggression

v What type of love is a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal?

Ø Passionate

v Helping others consistently leads to increased _______ mood.

Ø Positive

v ______ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on his for her group membership

Ø Prejudice

v _______ love is also called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and infatuation.

Ø Romantic

v High levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin and oxytocin are related to prosocial behavior. True or false

Ø True

v Many experts insist that TV violence can prompt aggressive or antisocial behavior in children. True or false

Ø True

v Aggression is social behavior

Ø Whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally

v Egoism is which of the following?

Ø iving to another person to ensure reciprocity