Chapter 11 = BIO 102

Four key distinctions divide the extant animals into monophyletic groups:

(1) tissues or not, (2) radial or bilateral symmetry, (3) protostome or deuterostome development, (4) growth through molting or through continuous addition to the body.

Which of the following is NOT a member of the group of vertebrates that produce amniotic eggs?

**A. amphibians B. birds C. marsupials D. monotremes E. whales

What evolutionary change occurred in animal evolution such that animals had a "front" and "back," as well as right and left sides?

**A. development of bilateral symmetry B. development of the adaptations that allowed animals to live on land instead of only in the water C. development of a shelled, encased embryo (an amnion) D. becoming endothermic ("warm-blooded") E. development of a complex brain

An air environment, gravity, and desiccation are three challenges that were addressed in the evolution of reptiles. What three evolutionary innovations addressed these challenges?

**A. lungs, better limb support, and the amniotic egg B. the amniotic egg, sturdy fins, and a cartilaginous skeleton C. dorsal nerve cord, notochord, and a post-anal tail D. gills, bony skeleton, and lungs E. better limb support, gills, and pharyngeal slits

In the cnidarians, the sessile _________ stage remains attached to a solid surface, while the motile __________ stage is free-swimming.

**A. polyp; medusa B. sponge; jellyfish C. medusa; polyp D. sponge; polyp E. stalk; medusa

Chordate animals get their name from which prominent characteristic?

**A. the presence of a rod of support tissue B. the dorsal hollow nerve cord C. the bony skeleton supporting the spine D. the elongated pharyngeal slits, appearing as piano keys E. the rope-like extension of their tails beyond the anus

Animals are organisms that share three characteristics: a

1. eat other organisms 2. can move during at least one stage of their development 3. are multicellular

According to the fossil record, the first modern humans—Homo sapiens—appeared approximately:

A. 1 million years ago. B. 6,000 years ago. C. 190 million years ago. D. 6 million years ago. **E. 200,000 years ago.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of all animals?

A. They get their energy by eating other organisms. B. They are multicellular. **C. They reproduce sexually at some point in their life cycle. D. They are able to move at some point in their life. E. All of the above are characteristics of all animals.

A feature that only mammals have is:

A. a skeleton of calcium carbonate. **B. hair. C. bilateral symmetry. D. predatory behavior. E. internal skeleton.

Invertebrates:

A. are not a monophyletic group. B. are animals without a backbone. C. have more species than vertebrates. D. include arthropods, mollusks, and flatworms, among others. **E. All of the above are correct.

The invertebrate species which is the closest evolutionary relative to the vertebrates (and other chordates) is the:

A. arthropods B. sponges C. annelids D. mollusks **E. echinoderms

Birds have scaly feet and lay amniotic eggs. This supports the idea that:

A. birds are endothermic. B. birds evolved feathers from scales. C. birds are the only creatures to ever have feathers. D. reptiles evolved from amphibians. **E. birds evolved from reptiles.

The important characteristics of chordates, such as a notochord and a dorsal hollow nerve cord are found in tunicates:

A. in their pupal stage only. **B. in their larval stage only. C. only in females. D. in their adult stage only. E. in both their larval and adult stages.

Which of the following is an animal with rigid bones, jaws, and a swim bladder?

A. lampreys B. hagfish **C. salmon D. sharks E. lobe-finned fish

The arthropoda class Crustacea includes all of the following kinds of animals EXCEPT:

A. lobsters. B. crabs. C. crayfish. D. shrimp. **E. snails.

Leeches are most closely related to:

A. slugs. B. maggots. C. flatworms. **D. earthworms. E. ticks.

The two most important evolutionary innovations in vertebrates, which resulted in their eventual domination of the large animal niches, were:

A. the ability to walk or fly. B. air breathing lungs and a more efficient heart. C. opposable thumbs. D. air breathing lungs and endothermy. **E. jaws and amniotic eggs.

In mollusks, the shell is secreted by what structure?

A. the ctenidia B. the foot C. the visceral mass D. the radula **E. the mantle

. The lineage that first separated from the common ancestor of all animals, and retained many of those primitive features to this day, includes which of the following modern organisms?

A. the earthworm B. the sea turtle C. the jellyfish **D. the sponge E. the grasshopper

Which of the following is NOT a reptile?

A. turtle **B. frog C. dinosaur D. sparrow E. snake

All groups of animals have nervous systems EXCEPT:

A. worms. **B. sponges. C. jellyfish. D. Neither A nor B have nervous systems. E. Neither A, B, nor C have nervous systems.

Corals, sea anemones, and jellyfishes are radially symmetrical animals with defined tissues, in the phylum _____.

Cnidaria

_____ are among the simplest of the animal lineages.

Sponges

What is unique about the way sponges reproduce?

Sponges are hermaphrodites, which means they contain both male and female reproductive organs; however, they only produce one kind of gamete at a time. They can also reproduce asexually by budding.

Sponges reproduce sexually (by producing eggs and sperm) and asexually (by budding). T/F

TRUE

Why did Darwin argue that the terms "higher" and "lower" should not be used to describe animals or other organisms?

The terms "higher" and "lower" imply that certain organisms or species are better or more successful than others; species are either extant or extinct. All organisms alive today are successful in that they have been able to overcome the challenges of their respective environments

All cnidarians are carnivores and use specialized stinging cells located in their tentacles to capture prey. T/F

True

Is a sponge an animal?

YES, the sponge is an animal. We know that this is true because the sponge has the three characteristics that define all animals: it is multicellular, eats other organisms, and is mobile at some stage of its life cycle.

The animals probably originated from an ancestral _____.

protist

A sponge consists of a hollow tube with pores in its wall; it has no_____ or ____.

tissues or organs