chapter 11 bio-psychology
testosterone
A high level of ___________ causes the external genitals to develop into the male pattern and a low leads to female pattern
ovaries
females gonads develop into _______, instead of testes and their wolffian ducts degenerate
dopamine
for rats, ________ stimulates mostly type D1 and D5 receptors, which facilitate erection of the penis in the male and sexually receptive postures in the female
seeking multiple partners
high testosterone levels = associated with that
not
hormonal changes are (or not) necessary for human parental behavior?
interfering with the usual feedback cycle between the ovaries and the pituitary
how do birth control pills prevent pregnancy?
altering the mothers immune system in the prenatal environment
how might having an older brother predict more likelyness of homosexuality
gender identity
how we identify sexually and what we call ourselves
menstruation
if the ovum is not fertalized, the lining of the uterus is cast off (________) and the cycle begins again
the average size of INAH-3 was bout the same for heterosexual men who died of AIDS and those who died of other causes.
in levays study: what evidence argues against the idea that INAH-3 volume depends on AIDS rather than sexual orientation?
estradiol
injecting a large amount of ________ actually masculanizes a female rodents development
impotence poor blood circulation
low testosterone is not the usual basis for __________ ,the inability to have an erection. what is?
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
the most common cause of males not having enough testosterone and females having too much is _____ ______ ________, meaning overdevelopment of the adrenal glands from birth
combination pill of estrogen and progesterone . it prevents the surge of FSH and LH what would release an ovum
the most widely used birth control pill is what?
oxytocin
the pituitary hormone _________ is also important for reproductive behavior. It stimulates contractions of the uterus during the delivery of a baby and it stimulate the mammary gland to release milk
progesterone
the remnant of the follicle releases the hormone _________, which prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertalized ovum
menstrual cycle
the womans hypothalamus and pituitary interact with the ovaries to produce the _____ ___- a peroidic variation in hormones and fertility over the course of 28 days
progesterone
this other predominately female hormone prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertalized ovum and promotes the maintenance of pregnancy
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
At the end of a menstrual cycle, the anterior pituitary releases ______ ______ _______, which promotes the growth of a follicle in the ovary
turner's syndrome
Atypical Chromosomes: 1. Has just one X chromosome 2. So only 45 chromosomes 3. 1 in 2000 girls 4. Appear as normal female, but rudimentary ovaries (sterile) 5. Average height: 4ft 8in 6. Common facial features and wide neck 7. Webbed neck, moles, underdeveloped breasts
monozygotic
CONCORDANCE in __________ twins is more common.
androgens
Developing testes produce _________ that inccrease the growth of the testes, causing them to produce more ______ and so forth
ovum
FSH and LH combine to cause the follicle to release an ____
SRY
The males Y chromosome includes the ___ gene, which causes those primitive gonads to develop into testes
gender identitiy
_______ _______ is a HUMAN characteristic
activating
___________effects are more temporary, where a hormone increases some activity that lasts only while the hormone is present. These can occur at any time in life.
organizing
___________effects of sex hormones produce long-lasting structural effects. The most prominent occur during a sensitive stage of earl development -- well before birth in humans -- determining whether the body develops male or female
luteinizing hormone
an increased release of estradiol causes an increased release of FSH as well as a sudden surge in the release of ______ _____ from the anterior pituitary.
testosterone estradoil
androgen is to ________ as estrogen is to _______
steroid hormones
androgens and estrogens are ____ _____ ,which contain four carbon rings derived from cholesterol
klinefelter's syndrome
atypical chromosomes: 1. Male phenotype (must have Y) 2. Have an extra X chromosome (total: 2X's and a Y) 3. So an XXY male (47 chromosomes) 4. Occurs in 1 in 1000 births 5. Effects are variable 6. Low testosterone, poor sperm development 7. Always has some female physical features a. Gynecomastia: breast tissue in men (moobies) 8. Taller than average 9. Usually heterosexual (same as XY)
androgen insensitivity syndrome
atypical hormones: 1. 1 in 20,000 births 2. XY female 3. Lacks the receptor mechanism to bind androgens in cell nucleus a. Testes are internal b. Produces lots of androgens c. Much converts to estradiol 4. Gender identity is female 5. Normal sexual response 6. No secondary body hair 7. "house" episode distorts and did not get it right
major histocompatibility complex
body odor relates to some of the same genes that control the immune system, known as the ______ _______ ______
androgen insensitivity syndrome
certain individuals with an XY chromosome pattern have the genital appearence of a female. This condition is known as _______ ____ ________-
alpha-fetoprotein
during the early sensitive period, immature mammals have a protein called ____ ______, which is not present in adults. it binds with estradiol and prevents it from entering cells
pudendal nerve
estrogens increase the sensitivity of the ______ ____ which transmits tactile stimulation from the vagina and cervix to the brain
-mullerian ducts -wolffian ducts
male and female mammals start with the same anatomy during an early stage of prenatal development. both have a set of _____ _____ and a set of ____ _____ and undiffereienteated gonads that become either testes or ovaries
sexually dimorphic nucleus
one area in the anterior hypothalamus known as the _____ ____ ____ is larger in males than females and contributes to control of male sexual behavior
serotonin 3
one consequence of high estradoil and progesterone levels is fluctuating activity at the ______ __ (5HT3) receptor, which is responsible for nasuea
intersexes 1 in 100
people whose sexual development is intermediate, are called _______. how common? 1 in ______ for the US
3-4
the human sensitive period for genital formation is about the ____ to _____ months of pregnancy
sexual selection
second part to darwins theory: genes that make an individual more appealing to the other sex will increase the probability of reproduction and therefore, the next generation will resemble those who had these favorable genes
hypothalamus
sex hormones also bind to receptors that increase responses in parts of the ___________ including the ventromedial nucleus, MPOA, and anterior hypothalamus
Periovulatory period
the _____ ____< consisting of days around the middle of the menstrual cycle, is the time of maximum fertility and high estrogen levels
by prolonging the effects of nitric oxide
the drug sildenafil (viagra) does what for male sexual ability
decline
toward the end of the cycle, levels of LH, FSH, and estradiol all _________
FSH, decreasing
toward the middle of the cycle, the follicle builds up more and more receptors to ___, even though the actual concentration of FSH in the blood is __________, its effects on the follicle increase.
1. bind to membrane receptors exerting rapid effects 2. enter cells and activate certain kinds of preoteins in the cytoplasm 3. they bind to receptors that bind to chrosomes where they activate or inactivate certain genes
what 3 ways do steroids exert their effects?
in the early stage of rats maternal behavior depends on a surge in the release of the hormones prolactin and estradiol. A few days later, her experience with the young decreases the vomeronasal responses that would tend to make her reject them. experience with the young maintains maternal behavior after the hormone levels drop
what factors are responsible for maternal behavior shortly after rats give birth? what factors become more important in later days?
nitric oxide
what increases blood flow to the penis?
after rats had sexual relations in a particular cage, males work hard to return to the cage but females generally do not. female rats only find sex reinforcing when they choose when it happens
what is the major difference between male and female rats in their sexual motivation:
cortisol
when the pituitary fails to receive ______ as a feedback signal, it continues secreting more ACTH causing the adrneal gland to secrete larger amounts of its other hormones, including testosterone
