Cultural Chpt. 11

In Hua society, where sexual differences are explained by the life-giving substance nu, post-menopausal women are permitted to live in the men's house. Why is this?

A life of childbirth and menstruation are believed to have purged them of most feminine substances.

What do anthropologists consider when trying to assess the status of women (gender stratification) within any particular society?

All of these are considerations when assessing women's status.

According to anthropologists, what aspects of gender are culturally constructed?

All of these are culturally constructed according to anthropologists.

In contemporary American society, the vast majority of construction jobs are occupied by men. This is because

All of these are explanations for male-dominated hiring in construction.

Which of these is influenced by gender?

All of these are influenced by gender.

Comparative research on gender inequality has found that

All of these are true in regard to studies of gender inequality.

In societies where women have little independence outside the domestic context

All of these are true.

Which of these statements about the sexual division of labor is true?

All of these statements are true.

The physical strength hypothesis probably accounts for which of these male-specific tasks?

Clearing land and preparing soil

Which of these is NOT one of the features identified by Serena Nanda as widespread among gender variant

Exclusively heterosexual relationships

According to the text, which explanation for the sexual division of labor seems to have the LEAST amount of support

Fertility maintenance for women

Which of these statements best explains why anthropologists are so interested in the question of whether or not gender hierarchy is universal?

If many cultures currently have or have had gender equality, this would indicate that modern societies could achieve gender equality.

Which of these tasks are done predominantly or exclusively by males in most societies?

Land clearing and preparing the soil

Which of these most accurately describes biological differences between men and women?

Men tend to be larger and physically stronger than women.

Which of these tasks does NOT tend to be sex-specific in most societies?

Milking animals

Which of these statements about matriarchy is true?

No instance of systematic female dominance over men has been documented.

____ is biological; ____ is cultural.

Sex / gender

Which of the following is NOT considered a determinant of women's status in any given society?

Subscribing to monotheistic religion

Which of these groups is frequently noted as having near equality between men and women?

The Iroquois of northeastern North America

How have anthropological perspectives on cross-gender identity changed since the 1970s and 1980s?

There is currently recognition that some cultures have constructed multiple gender identities.

Within Native American groups that had members who assumed a third gender, how were these members (called Two Spirits) typically treated?

They were treated with great respect and valued for their contributions.

The general term preferred by Native peoples, and by anthropologists, for person with a third or fourth gender identity is

Two Spirit.

The behavior patterns that vary cross culturally in terms of what is allowable for men and women to do is a result of

cultural acceptance of particular roles assigned to each gender.

Which of these tasks are performed primarily by females in most societies?

d. All of these are done almost exclusively by females.

The degree to which groups allocate social and material rewards based on gender is termed

gender stratification.

The examples of Native American Two Spirits and the hijra of India demonstrate that

hatred and intolerance of people who are gender variant and/or homosexual is not universal.

In Hindu India, some people born with male genitalia undergo a rite of passage to remove their penis and testicles, resulting in a person who is "neither man nor woman." The local term for such a person is

hijra.

Gender

is a universal basis for organizing group activities.

How people make a living influences the sexual division of labor. This is an example of the ____ theoretical approach.

materialist

In regards to their sexuality, Native American Two Spirits

rarely had sexual relations with each other.

The Hua of Papua New Guinea believe that differences between men and women are the result of differing amounts of a life-giving substance called nu. As a result of this belief

sexual intercourse is considered dangerous for men because it transfers nu to women.

Third gender people among the Navajo were

welcomed as nadle (men-women).