Chapter 11 Efferent Division

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An alien retrieved alive from a crashed UFO has had a thorough medical examination. A hormone with a distinct but similar structure to epinephrine has been isolated, and named ufo-epi.

...

13) Which functions are controlled through the autonomic nervous system?

1. blood pressure 2. heart rate 3. water balance 4. temperature regulation

Chapter 11 Efferent Division 1) Nicotine is thought to cause approximately how many deaths per year, worldwide.

5,000,000

10) Each of these statements is true except one. Identify the exception.

Activation of α receptors opens Na+ channels in the membrane.

48) If the results of ufo-epi treatment of humans included pupil dilation, localized sweating, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose, which conclusion would be indicated?

It acts on alpha adrenergic receptors.

4) Which statements apply to the parasympathetic division of the nervous system?

It is dominant during "resting and digesting." & Its ganglia are nearby, on or within their target organs.

46) Epinephrine and norepinephrine that are released from the adrenal glands affect target tissue for a longer period of time than the same substances released from neurons at their peripheral receptors. Why?

There are no enzymes to break down epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood and very little in peripheral tissues.

49) The drug Chantix, which treats nicotine addiction, is an

agonist for the nicotine receptor.

42) The two varieties of adrenergic receptors are

alpha and beta

6) Which area is NOT normally considered to be anautonomic control center?

amygdala

12) Which area(s) of the brain exert(s) control over the autonomic nervous system?

cerebrum, hypothalamus, pons, and medulla

14) Sweat glands contain

cholinergic receptors.

40) varicosities are swellings that

contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitter.

43) The signal molecule norepinephrine

elicits the stronger response from alpha receptors.

44) The signal molecule epinephrine

elicits the stronger response from beta2 receptors.

17) The motor end plate is a

folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold.

37) Cholinergic nicotinic receptors are

found in the autonomic gangliz of the ANS.

15) Increased parasympathetic stimulation increases

gastric motility.

47) If humans administered a physiological dose of ufo-epi responded to the chemical, which of the following would indicate ufo-epi is an epinephrine agonist?

increase in fatty acids in the blood

8) The presence of two peripheral efferent neurons in a pathway

is typical of the autonomic division.

9) The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because

it is a source of catecholamines, it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.

39) The vagus nerve is the

major source of parasympathetic output.

36) Cholinergic receptors respond to the

neurotransmitter acetylcholine

35) The two types of cholinergic receptors are

nicotinic and muscarinic.

45) Most postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete

norepinephrine onto their target cells.

51) salivation

parasympathetic agonist

54) blocks secretion of pancreatic enzymes

parasympathetic agonist

56) blocks urination

parasympathetic agonist

38) Cholinergic muscarinic receptors are found at the

parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions in the ANS.

Cholinergic muscarinic receptor

parasympathetic tissue receptor

11) Which of the following has its cell body in the ganglion?

postganglionic neuron

Adrenergic receptor

primary sympathetic neurotransmitter

Acetylcholine

released by all autonomic preganglionic neurons

2) The two divisions of the efferent side of the peripheral nervous system

somatic motor neurons and autonomic neurons.

50) pupil dilation

sympathetic agonist

52) decreased activity in digestive tract

sympathetic agonist

53) fat breakdown

sympathetic agonist

55) blocks secretion of adrenal catecholamines

sympathetic agonist

57) blocks sweating

sympathetic agonist

16) "Dual innervation" refers to an organ receiving both

sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

3) The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the

sympathetic division.

Norepinephrine

sympathetic tissue receptor

41) Autonomic neurotransmitters are

synthesized in the axon

Cholinergic nicotinic receptor

target receptor for preganglionic neurons

5) Nicotine enhances

the release of dopaminein the brain.

23) The neural pathway from the spinal cord to the target tissue has two neurons, the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron.

true for both divisions

26) Inside the ganglia are interneurons, which modulate messages.

true for both divisions

30) Contains cholinergic neurons.

true for both divisions

32) On average, one preganglionic neuron synapses with eight or nine postganglionic neurons, each innervating a different target.

true for both divisions

25) The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are found either in the brain stem or in the sacral region of the spinal cord.

true only for the parasympathetic division

27) The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released by neurons at the neuroeffector synapse.

true only for the parasympathetic division

34) Dominates during resting-and-digesting activities.

true only for the parasympathetic division

24) Most preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

true only for the sympathetic division

28) The ganglia are found in a chain that runs close to the spinal cord or along the descending aorta.

true only for the sympathetic division

29) Releases norepinephrine at the neuroeffector synapse.

true only for the sympathetic division

31) The adrenal medulla is closely allied with this system.

true only for the sympathetic division

33) Important during stress or emergencies (fight-or-flight).

true only for the sympathetic division

7) Antagonistic control of efferent output is

typical of the autonomic division.


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