chapter 11 EMT- airway questions

at a flow rate of 6L/min, a nasal cannula can deliver an approximate oxygen concentration of up to :

44%

the nasal cannula is MOST appropriately used in the prehospital setting:

when the patient cannot tolerate a nonrebreathing mask

Which of the following patients would MOST likely require insertion of an oropharyngeal airway?

a 40-year old unconscious patient with slow, shallow respirations

intrapulmonary shunting occurs when:

blood coming from the right side of the heart bypasses nonfunctional alveoli and returns to the left side of the heart in an unoxygenated state.

which of the following oxygen flowmeters is NOT affected by gravity and can be used in any position when attached to an oxygen cylinder?

boudin-gauge flowmeter

Without adequate oxygen, the body's cells:

incompletely convert glucose into energy, and lactic acid accumulates in the blood.

which of the following would cause an increase in the amount of exhaled carbon dioxide?

increased cardiac output

Tidal volume is defined as the volume of air that:

moves into or out of the lungs in a single breath.

a patient who is suspected of being hypoxic and is breathing adequately should be given supplemental oxygen with a :

nonrebreathing mask

Irregular respirations characterized by an increasing rate and depth of breathing followed by periods of apnea are called:

Cheyne-stokes respirations

in which of the following patients would the head-tilt- chin-lift maneuver be the Most appropriate method of opening the airway?

a 37 - year old female who is found unconscious in her bed

a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q ratio) mismatch occurs when:

a disruption in blood flow inhibits the exchange of oxygen and c carbon dioxide in the lungs, even though the alveoli are filled with fresh oxygen

Gas exchange in the lungs is facilitated by:

adequate amounts of surfactant.

which of the following is the MOST reliable indicator of adequately performed bag-mask ventilations in an apneic adult with a pulse?

adequate rise of the chest when squeezing the bag

which of the following statements regarding the one-person bag-mask technique is correct?

adequate tidal volume is often difficult to achieve when one EMT is operating the bag-mask device

in the presence of oxygen , the cells convert glucose into energy through a process called:

aerobic metabolism

what occurs when a patient is breathing very rapidly and shallowly?

air moves primarily in the anatomic dead space and does not participate in pulmonary gas exchange

Your protocols state that during the first few minutes of working on a cardiac arrest patient, you should provide passive ventilation. This means that you will:

allow recoil of the chest between compressions to draw air into the lungs

Exchange of gas of oxygen and carbon dioxide

alveolar sacs

high-flow oxygen with a nasal cannula during preoxygenation phase of endotracheal intubation is called:

apneic oxygenation

you and your partner are treating a 66-year-old man who experienced a sudden onset of respiratory distress. he is conscious but is unable to follow simple verbal commands. further assessment reveals that his breathing is severely labored an his oxygen satiation is 80%. you should :

assist his ventilations with a bag-mask device

the nasopharyngeal airway is MOST beneficial because it:

can maintain a patent airway in a semiconscious patient with a gag reflex

the primary waste product of aerobic metabolism is:

carbon dioxide

oxygen toxicity is a condition in which:

cellular tissue damage occurs from excessive oxygen levels in the blood

for which of the following conditions would the EMT most likely administer humidified oxygen

croup

which of the following is late signs of hypoxia

cyanosis

inhalation occurs when the:

diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and cause a decrease in intrathoracic pressure.

Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi.

dead space

which of the following would NOT cause a decrease in tidal volume

deep respirations

a 37-year-old male has an apparent foreign body airway obstruction. he is conscious and alert and is coughing forcefully. his skin is pink, warm and moist. the MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes :

encouraging him to cough and transporting

Based on current guidelines, in which of the following situations should supplemental oxygen be administered?

exposure to carbon monoxide and an oxygen saturation of 94%

the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood of the capillaries is called:

external respiration

CPAP is indicated for patients who:

have pulmonary edema and can follow verbal commands.

the MOST significant complication associated with oropharyngeal suctioning is:

hypoxia due to prolonged suction attempts

which of the following statements regarding oxygenation and ventilation is correct?

in mines or confined places, where oxygen levels are low, ventilation may continue despite inadequate oxygenation

all of the following will help minimize the risk of gastric distention when ventilating an apneic patient with a bag-mask device EXCEPT:

increasing the amount of delivered tidal volume

in contrast to inhalation, exhalation

is a passive process caused by increased intrathoracic pressure.

How does CPAP improve oxygenation and ventilation in patients with certain respiratory problems?

it forces the alveoli open and increases the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli

How does positive-pressure ventilation affect cardiac output?

it increases intrathoracic pressure, which decreases venous return to the heart and causes a decrease in cardiac output

you are dispatched to a residence where a middle-aged man found unconscious in his front yard. there are no witnesses who can tell you what happened. you find him in a prone position: his eyes are closed and he is not moving. Your FIRST action should be to:

log roll him as a unit to supine position

the hypoxic drive is influenced by:

low blood oxygen levels

space within the chest that contains the heart, major blood vessels, vagus nerve, trachea, major bronchi, and esophagus ; located between the two lungs

mediastinum

Each cell of the body combines nutrients and oxygen and produces energy and waste products through a process called:

metabolism

which of the following statements regarding normal gas exchange in the lungs is correct

oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the alveolar walls and capillaries

which of the following statements regarding oxygen is correct?

oxygen supports the combustion process and may cause a fire

a 71-year old male is semiconscious following a sudden , severe headache . there is vomitus on his face, and his respirations are slow and shallow. the EMT must immediately

perform oropharyngeal suctioning

the two nerves that innervate the diaphragm ; necessary for adequate breathing to occur

phrenic nerve

You are ventilating a 40-year-old uninjured man who is apneic but has a pulse. When your partner reassesses his blood pressure, she notes that he has decreased significantly from previous readings. You should:

reduce the rate or volume of the ventilations you are delivering

While providing CPAP to a patient in severe respiratory distress, you note that his heart rate has increased by 20 beats/min. He is conscious, but is no longer following verbal commands. You should:

remove the CPAP device and ventilate him with bag-mask device

you have inserted an oral airway and are ventilating an apneic woman with a bag-mask device. she suddenly begins regurgitating large amounts of vomit . you should:

roll her onto her side and remove the oral airway

You are ventilating a patient with a stoma; however, air is escaping from the mouth and nose. To prevent this, you should:

seal the mouth and nose

which of the following factors will cause a reduction in minute volume in an adult

shallow breathing

Central chemoreceptors located in the medulla provide feedback to increase the rate and depth of breathing when they sense:

slight increase carbon dioxide or a decrease in the PH of the cerebrospinal fluid

While eating dinner, your partner suddenly grabs his throat and has a panicked look on his face. He is unable to cough and becomes cyanotic around the lips. You should:

stand behind him and administer abdominal thrusts

the physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs

ventilation

which of the following statements regarding positive-pressure ventilation is correct?

with positive-pressure ventilation , more volume is required to have the same effects as normal breathing