Chapter 11
Which of the following are research designs that would allow researchers to conclude that any observed changes over time are due to developmental factors rather than cohort effects?
Correct Answer(s) sequential longitudinal Incorrect Answer(s) cross-sectional
Label the two portions of the image.
Quantitative development involves gradual changes over time. Curve Qualitative is bar graphs
Place the parenting styles in order of the likelihood of children's positive developmental outcomes, from least likely to most likely to have positive outcomes.
disengaged permissive authoritative
Match each milestone of cognitive development to the correct Piagetian stage.
sensorimotorobject permanence Correct label:object permanence concrete operationalconservation Correct label:conservation formal operationalabstract reasoning Correct label:abstract reasoning preoperationaluse of language and other symbols Correct label:use of language and other symbols
Before she went on a field trip to the zoo, Zoe believed that all birds have wings and fly. But after learning about penguins, she revises her existing "bird" schema. What is this process called?
Accomodation
Trey's parents practice an authoritative style of parenting. Based on research on different parenting styles, Trey is likely to have which of the following?
Correct Answer(s) better problem-solving abilities higher academic achievement Incorrect Answer(s) an increased risk of depression an unhealthy body weight
From the 1960s through the 1980s, thousands of Romanian children were placed in understaffed and under-resourced orphanages as a result of Nicolae Ceausescu's drive to increase the country's population irrespective of families' abilities to care for their new children. Which kind of developmental delays did the children placed in these orphanages exhibit as a result of the deprivation and neglect they experienced?
Correct Answer(s) cognitive physical social motor
Compared to infants with insecure attachment styles, securely attached infants are more likely to do which of the following?
Correct Answer(s) master challenging tasks more easily have better social skills Incorrect Answer(s) develop anxiety disorders in adolescence
Which of the following are reflexes that you would expect a healthy infant (but not an older child or adult) to exhibit?
Correct Answer(s) sucking rooting grasping Incorrect Answer(s) shivering knee-jerk reflex
Most older adults will ultimately develop Alzheimer's disease.
False
Longevity—the tendency to live a long life—has been found to have a genetic basis.
True
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about a shortcoming of the theory of moral development.
According to Carol Gilligan, one shortcoming of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that it tended to falsely place men as more morally developed than women.
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about socioemotional selectivity theory.
According to socioemotional selectivity theory, older adults tend to value emotional goals over informational goals, which leads them to feel an increased sense of happiness later in life.
Lena is currently hanging out with many different friend groups, testing out a variety of social roles and identities in order to figure out who she wants to become. According to Erik Erikson, which stage of life is Lena most likely to be in?
Adolesent
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the two general rules for motor skill development.
As infants mature, their motor skills develop from the head to the feet and from the center of the body outward.
Select the stage of Piagetian development in which children develop the ability to understand conservation.
7-12
Study Unit 11.22Adulthood and Aging Which of the following cognitive abilities have been found to decline as people get older?
Correct Answer(s) reasoning ability working memory processing speed Incorrect Answer(s) vocabulary
Using your knowledge of social referencing, identify whether an infant would likely react calmly or with agitation to each novel situation.
Infant Will Respond Calmly A father smiles at his daughter before the pediatrician gives her a shot. A mother introduces her son to the family dog using baby talk. nfant Will Respond with Agitation A father talks to a stranger with an impatient and hostile tone. A mother starts to cry when dropping her daughter off at daycare for the first time.
Identify the physical features as primary or secondary sex characteristics.
Primary Sex Characteristics ovaries testes Secondary Sex Characteristics body hair hips voices
Study Units 11.8-11.9, 11.13-11.15Infancy Based on the activities that the following children are performing, place them in order from earlier to later stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
Robby likes the game of looking for hidden toys.Susanna cries when another child gets a cracker that is broken in two, because it looks like that child got more.Gwen is good at using addition to check her math subtraction answers.Harold writes a paper that presents arguments both for and against building a new football stadium.
Nature and nurture both interact to contribute to our development. Match each term to the kind of influence it represents.
genetic predispositionsnature Correct label:nature life experiencesnurture Correct label:nurture
Kevin and Ray are a newly married couple. During which periods of their lives together would you expect their satisfaction with their marriage to be the highest?
Married w/- children empty nest to death
Label an infant's potential responses to the strange situation test with the correct attachment style. Place the labels in the space above each situation.
When an infant has an insecure/ambivalent attachment style, they are very upset when their caregiver leaves and exhibit mixed emotions when the caregiver returns. Secure- distressed when figure leaves.Happy when they are back
Place the psychosocial crises associated with Erikson's stages of psychosocial development in order from earliest to latest.
trust versus mistrust autonomy versus shame and doubt initiative versus guilt competence versus inferiority identity versus role confusion intimacy versus isolation productivity versus stagnation integrity versus despair
Match the child's behavior with the stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory.
A teenager likes to play fantasy video games.formal operational Correct label:formal operational A toddler puts toys into his mouth.sensorimotor Correct label:sensorimotor A child organizes toys by color.preoperational Correct label:preoperational A child likes to play card games.concrete operational Correct label:concrete operational
Jasmine is taking a developmental psychology class and wants to see whether her new baby nephew demonstrates the concepts she's learning about in class. Which of these homemade paddles would she expect her nephew to stare at for a longer amount of time?
Baby looks at things that resemble faces
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about Piaget's and Vygotsky's approaches to development.
Because Piaget studied cognitive development, he viewed children as little scientists. On the other hand, Vygotsky took a sociocultural approach to development and thought of children as little apprentices.
dentify the consequences of early maturation as applying to either boys or girls.
Girls decreased relationship satisfaction increased social anxiety Boys increased impulsivity increased alcohol use improved social status
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the behaviors of newborns.
Infants are born with certain reflexes. These include the rooting reflex, by which infants respond to the touch of a nipple by turning their heads and opening their mouths; the sucking reflex, by which infants close their mouths on a nipple and draw milk; and the grasping reflex, by which infants take hold of objects that come in contact with their open hands.
According to Erik Erikson, we face a crisis of __________ in the last years of our lives.
Integrity
Study Unit 11.15Childhood Eight-year-old Daphne is playing a party game that requires her to compete to make jokes that the judge of each round will find funny. As a result, she must tailor her responses to appeal to someone else's sense of humor, rather than her own. Since Daphne is very good at this kind of game, she likely has well-developed ___________ abilities.
Theory of mind
Based on their understanding of the physical world, identify the scenarios that infants might stare at for more or less time in a study using the violation-of-expectation method.
Would Spend More Time Staring One solid object appears to pass through another solid object. An object appears to stop in midair. An object magically disappears from sight. Would Spend Less Time Staring An object is broken up into the pieces that form it. An object spins on its axis.
Match each body part or system to the layer of the embryo from which it forms.
mesodermSELECT A LABELskeletal systemvoluntary muscles Correct label:voluntary muscles Correct label:skeletal system endodermSELECT A LABEL Correct label:gut Correct label:digestive organs ectodermSELECT A LABEL Correct label:outer skin Correct label:cells of the nervous system
Review Kohlberg's moral dilemma and match each possible response to Heinz's actions to the corresponding stage of moral development.
preconventional- Heinz should not steal the drug because he would go to jail if he did. Correct label:Heinz should not steal the drug because he would go to jail if he did. postconventional- Heinz should steal the drug because his wife's right to life is more important than the druggist's right to compensation. Correct label:Heinz should steal the drug because his wife's right to life is more important than the druggist's right to compensation. conventional- Heinz should steal the drug, but he should also pay whatever consequences the law prescribes. Correct label:Heinz should steal the drug, but he should also pay whatever consequences the law prescribes.
Select the stage of Piagetian development in which children develop the capacity for symbolic representation.
2-7 years
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, how do humans organize information?
Correct Answer(s) accommodation schemas assimilation Incorrect Answer(s) social context
LaToya is in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. Which of the following abilities would you expect her to exhibit?
Correct Answer(s) pretending that her bedroom is a castle recognizing her family's current location on a map of the theme park they're in Incorrect Answer(s) recognizing that a large bag of feathers weighs as much as one smaller object
Study Unit 11.5Development From Conception to Birth Marshall is a social work student studying for his licensing exam. He needs to memorize which prenatal risk factors might increase the likelihood of a person developing certain psychological disorders later in life. Match each kind of teratogen to the disorder with which it's associated.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderSELECT A LABEL Correct label:drinking Correct label:smoking Correct label:marijuana use schizophreniaSELECT A LABEL Correct label:influenza virus
Match each research question to the type of research design best suited to answer it.
cross-sectionalhow political attitudes differ between Baby Boomers, Millennials, and Generation Z Correct label:how political attitudes differ between Baby Boomers, Millennials, and Generation Z longitudinalhow self-confidence levels change as girls move through their teenage years Correct label:how self-confidence levels change as girls move through their teenage years sequentialhow IQ scores change from kindergarten to fifth grade in children who completed elementary school in the 1980s versus the 1990s
Study Unit 11.3Development From Conception to Birth Place the stages of prenatal development in order from earliest to latest.
germinal embryonic fetal
Marnie is currently in her 20s. Every time she visits her relatives, they ask when she is planning on getting married and having children. In asking these questions, they're expressing their belief in a social __________ that reflects the typical ages for milestones like marriage and parenthood.
Clock
While walking along the beach with the help of his parents, one-year-old Arie looks to their faces to see how they respond to the waves coming in and out at their feet. Because they laugh, he laughs as well. What is this phenomenon known as?
Referencing
While teaching his daughter to swim, Anatoly asks her to swim a short distance until she reaches him. As her skills develop, he'll step further and further backward so she is challenged to swim longer and longer distances, but still supported by his presence in the pool. In this example, what is Anatoly using to support his daughter's learning?
Scaffolding