Chapter 11 Infectious Diseases
reservoir
where pathogens live and multiply
natural killer cells
white blood cells that attack bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells
Lymphocytes
white blood cells that produce antibodies that fight infection
neutrophils and macrophages
white blood cells that travel to areas of infection or tissue damage and digest damaged cells, foreign particles, and bacteria
Tuberculosis
worlds most common infectious disease
Candidiasis
yeast infection
two factors are believed to account for resistance
frequency with which resistant genes arise naturally among bacteria through mutation and extent of antibiotic use
Staphylococcus aureus
infection from a common bacterium carried on the skin or in the nose of healthy people
pneumonia
infection of the lungs
Pertussis (whooping cough)
infection of the respiratory tract that is highly contagious
sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
infections caused by sexual contact with infected people; signs and symptoms are not always apparent
chain of infection
infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
pelvic inflammatory disease
inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region
Hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
diarrhea
kills an estimated 1.5 million children per day
antibiotic resistance
lessened sensitivity to the effects of an antibiotic
B cells
monitor the blood and tissue fluids
Prions
organisms believed to consist entirely of protein
Helminths
parasitic worms
Body Art
permanent decorations that are applied to the body; examples include tattoos and piercings
The leading cause of death in children worldwide is
pneumonia
Trichomoniasis
an STD caused by a microscopic protozoan that results in infections of the vagina, urethra, and bladder
genital herpes
an STD caused by the herpes simplex virus
Fungi
Single-cell organisms that grow in irregular masses that include molds, mildews, and yeasts; can produce contagious diseases such as ringworm.
antiretroviral agents
do not cure the infection, but slow the rate of replication and destruction, prolonging life and improving quality of life
external barriers
-Skin is the body's first line of defense -Nasal passages and ear canals are protected by hair -Lungs are protected by the cough reflex and cilia -Saliva contains proteins that break down bacteria -Stomach acids make it difficult for most organisms to survive -Small intestines contain bile and enzymes that break down pathogens -Vagina is slightly acidic, discouraging the growth of abnormal bacteria
Immunity that develops after exposure to infectious agent or a vaccine is
Acquired immunity
The body's initial reaction to tissue damage is a
Acute inflammatory response
antibiotic
A drug that inhibits or kills bacteria
autoimmune disease
A mistake in the immune system where the body does not properly distinguish self from nonself
vaccine
A preparation of weakened or killed pathogens
Gonorrhea
A sexually transmitted bacterial disease caused by a gonococcus bacterium that causes inflammation of the genital mucous membrane, burning pain when urinating, and a discharge
Chlamydia
A sexually transmitted disease, the most common in developed countries, caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Often producing no symptoms, it can cause infertility, chronic pain, or a tubal pregnancy if left untreated.
microorganism
A small living plant or animal seen only with a microscope; a microbe
Helper T cells
A type of lymphocyte that helps activate other types of T cells and may help stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.
epidemic
A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease.
human papilloma virus
Abbreviated HPV and also known as plantar warts; a virus that can infect the bottom of the foot and resembles small black dots, usually in clustered groups.
There are two primary types of lymphocytes the B cells are involved with
Antibiotic production which bind to specific antigens
Proteins produced by B cells that bind to specific antigens and trigger events that destroy them are called
Antibodies
B cells monitor the blood and tissue fluid when stimulated they mature to produce
Antibodies proteins that circulate in the blood and bind to specific antigens triggering events thy destroy them
Allergic reaction is range from nasal congestion and she eyes are local skin irritation to severe
Antiforlatic Shock
portal or entry
Any body opening on an uninfected person though which a pathogen can enter
Diseases that occur when the immune system begins to recognize components of the body as foreign and starts a self-destructive process are called
Auto immune diseases
Syphillis
Chronic STD caused by a spirochete (sprial-shaped bacterium)
Pubic Lice and Scabies
Contagious parasitic infections
Infection
Contamination or invasion of body tissue by pathogenic organisms
Worldwide—— is the second leading cause of death among children under age 5 killing an estimated 1.5 million children per year
Diarrhea
Is a common bacterium in the Colon The aids in digestion if it enters the bladder however it causes infection
E. coli
Since the first case was diagnosed in 1981 more than 20 million people have died from
HIV/AIDS
Approximately 20% of people infected with
Hepatitis C
Proximately 10% of all blood transfusion recipients developed
Hepatitis C prior to 1990
The chain of infection involves six general concepts the ———— is an organism or person in which in infections agent lives
Host
Human Inmunodeficiency virus (HIV) Causes acquired
Immune sufficiency syndrome
The—— is a system of cells and chemicals in the body that recognizes invading organisms and substance and works to get rid of them or make them harmless
Immune system
Disease or condition caused by micro organism is a
Infection
Burns or cuts reduce the integrity of the skin and reduce the effectiveness of
Infectious diseases
The bodies initial reaction to the image is the acute
Inflammatory response
The ability that a person has from birth to fight infection is
Innate
White blood cells that monitor the bloodstream and body tissues for signs of infection and if they encounter an antigen rapidly duplicate and turn on the pacific response are called
Lymphocytes
The mosquito borne disease caused by four species of the plasmodium parasite is
Malaria
After B and T cells have been exposed to an antigen they produce
Memory cells so that if they encounter the same antigen again they will be able to respond more quickly
Prevention strategies for malaria include eliminating
Mosquito breeding grounds
urinary tract infection (UTI)
Most common of all bacterial infections in women
When bacteria Inhabit A host harmlessly or even helpfully they are considered to be part of the
Normal flora
HIV testing
Not a test for circulating virus Test for presence of antibody against HIV Further testing confirms HIV-positive status
mode of transmission
a way that the infectious agent can be transmitted to another reservoir or host where it can live
A(n)—— infection is an infection that would be Disposed of by a healthy immune system but that a weekend immune system cannot fight off
Opportunistic
The popular screening test for cervical cancer in women is called the—- which involves a physician inserting a speculum through the vagina opening to look at the cervix and they take a light scraping of cells from its surface
Pap test
If a micro organism causes an illness in a human then the organism is called infection agent or
Pathogen
whooping cough or—-
Pertussis is a highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract
The first cellular line of the fence against foreign invaders
Phagocytes
The term—— was coined as a shortened form of proteinaceous infectious particles infectious agents believed to be made entirely of proteins
Preons
In the chain of infection the——- is the place were larger pool of infections organism survive or live in a community
Reservoir
If they bacteria is able to grow in the setting of an antibiotic that when usually prevent it's growth the bacteria is said to have
Resistance
The——-I'll break in 2003 occur due to international travelers
SAR
Is the most common cause of skin infections
Staphylococcus
There are two primary types of lymphocytes the
Suppressor T cells are involved with slowing down and halting the immune response when the threat has been handled
immunization
The deliberate exposure of a pathogen to produce memory cells.
The most common infectious disease worldwide is
Tuberculosis
uncontrollable
age, genetics, gender
The set of protective measures are called—— precautions are taken by healthcare workers with blood in certain body fluids of every patient in order to prevent transmission of blood borne infections
Universal
Infectious of the——-are believed to be the most common bacterial infections and occur most often in females than males
Urinary tract
In the chain of infection the ——— Is the animal or insect that transmits a pathogen into a new host
Vector
A pathogens——- is the speed and intensity with which it is likely to cause an infection
Virulence
A(n) ——— consisting of a piece of DNA or RNA and a protein coat is a micro organism that requires the use of another organism cells to grow and divide
Virus
HIV/AIDS
Virus that destroys the immune system that should protect the body from diseases. The disease is passed from person to person through sexual acts, blood transfusions, used hypodermic needles, or from mother to child during birth.
sexual behavior
What you think, say, and do about sex
Pathogen
a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.
bacterial vaginosis
a condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina
Malaria
a mosquito-born infectious disease that caused 655,000 deaths in 2010
infectious agent
a pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus that can cause a disease
susceptible host
a person likely to get an infection or disease, usually because body defenses are weak
T cells
a type of lymphocyte that helps the immune system destroy pathogens
portal of exit
a way for the infectious agent to escape from the reservoir in which it has been growing
Vector
animal or insect that transmits a pathogen from a resevoir or an infected host to a new host. Breaking the chain of infection at any point can either increase or decrease the risk of infection.
A marker on the surface of a foreign substance that identifies it to immune cells as non-self is called
antigen
Killer T cells
attack and destroy infected body cells
single celled organisms called------ can be found in almost all environments and can inhabit the human body harmlessly or helpfully
bacteria
Allergies
body identifies a harmless foreign substance as an antigen and creates an immune response
controllable
capable of being controlled
Food production and distribution changes
changes in food production and distribution can affect disease transmission.
Ectoparasites
complex organisms that usually live on the host's skin
drug cocktails
complicated drug combinations that combat the development of resistant viral strains
Protozoa
single celled organisms with the ability to move independently
Bacteria
single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes
Suppresor T cells
slow down and halt the immune response when the threat has been handled
Virulence
speed and intensity with which a pathogen is likely to cause an infection
illicit drug use
the use or sale of any substance that is illegal or otherwise not permitted
Viruses
tiny particles, smaller than bacteria and other pathogens, which must invade living cells in order to reproduce; when they invade, the cells are damaged or destroyed in the process releasing new particles to infect other cells