Chapter 11 Infectious Diseases

reservoir

where pathogens live and multiply

natural killer cells

white blood cells that attack bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells

Lymphocytes

white blood cells that produce antibodies that fight infection

neutrophils and macrophages

white blood cells that travel to areas of infection or tissue damage and digest damaged cells, foreign particles, and bacteria

Tuberculosis

worlds most common infectious disease

Candidiasis

yeast infection

two factors are believed to account for resistance

frequency with which resistant genes arise naturally among bacteria through mutation and extent of antibiotic use

Staphylococcus aureus

infection from a common bacterium carried on the skin or in the nose of healthy people

pneumonia

infection of the lungs

Pertussis (whooping cough)

infection of the respiratory tract that is highly contagious

sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

infections caused by sexual contact with infected people; signs and symptoms are not always apparent

chain of infection

infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

pelvic inflammatory disease

inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region

Hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

diarrhea

kills an estimated 1.5 million children per day

antibiotic resistance

lessened sensitivity to the effects of an antibiotic

B cells

monitor the blood and tissue fluids

Prions

organisms believed to consist entirely of protein

Helminths

parasitic worms

Body Art

permanent decorations that are applied to the body; examples include tattoos and piercings

The leading cause of death in children worldwide is

pneumonia

Trichomoniasis

an STD caused by a microscopic protozoan that results in infections of the vagina, urethra, and bladder

genital herpes

an STD caused by the herpes simplex virus

Fungi

Single-cell organisms that grow in irregular masses that include molds, mildews, and yeasts; can produce contagious diseases such as ringworm.

antiretroviral agents

do not cure the infection, but slow the rate of replication and destruction, prolonging life and improving quality of life

external barriers

-Skin is the body's first line of defense -Nasal passages and ear canals are protected by hair -Lungs are protected by the cough reflex and cilia -Saliva contains proteins that break down bacteria -Stomach acids make it difficult for most organisms to survive -Small intestines contain bile and enzymes that break down pathogens -Vagina is slightly acidic, discouraging the growth of abnormal bacteria

Immunity that develops after exposure to infectious agent or a vaccine is

Acquired immunity

The body's initial reaction to tissue damage is a

Acute inflammatory response

antibiotic

A drug that inhibits or kills bacteria

autoimmune disease

A mistake in the immune system where the body does not properly distinguish self from nonself

vaccine

A preparation of weakened or killed pathogens

Gonorrhea

A sexually transmitted bacterial disease caused by a gonococcus bacterium that causes inflammation of the genital mucous membrane, burning pain when urinating, and a discharge

Chlamydia

A sexually transmitted disease, the most common in developed countries, caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Often producing no symptoms, it can cause infertility, chronic pain, or a tubal pregnancy if left untreated.

microorganism

A small living plant or animal seen only with a microscope; a microbe

Helper T cells

A type of lymphocyte that helps activate other types of T cells and may help stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.

epidemic

A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease.

human papilloma virus

Abbreviated HPV and also known as plantar warts; a virus that can infect the bottom of the foot and resembles small black dots, usually in clustered groups.

There are two primary types of lymphocytes the B cells are involved with

Antibiotic production which bind to specific antigens

Proteins produced by B cells that bind to specific antigens and trigger events that destroy them are called

Antibodies

B cells monitor the blood and tissue fluid when stimulated they mature to produce

Antibodies proteins that circulate in the blood and bind to specific antigens triggering events thy destroy them

Allergic reaction is range from nasal congestion and she eyes are local skin irritation to severe

Antiforlatic Shock

portal or entry

Any body opening on an uninfected person though which a pathogen can enter

Diseases that occur when the immune system begins to recognize components of the body as foreign and starts a self-destructive process are called

Auto immune diseases

Syphillis

Chronic STD caused by a spirochete (sprial-shaped bacterium)

Pubic Lice and Scabies

Contagious parasitic infections

Infection

Contamination or invasion of body tissue by pathogenic organisms

Worldwide—— is the second leading cause of death among children under age 5 killing an estimated 1.5 million children per year

Diarrhea

Is a common bacterium in the Colon The aids in digestion if it enters the bladder however it causes infection

E. coli

Since the first case was diagnosed in 1981 more than 20 million people have died from

HIV/AIDS

Approximately 20% of people infected with

Hepatitis C

Proximately 10% of all blood transfusion recipients developed

Hepatitis C prior to 1990

The chain of infection involves six general concepts the ———— is an organism or person in which in infections agent lives

Host

Human Inmunodeficiency virus (HIV) Causes acquired

Immune sufficiency syndrome

The—— is a system of cells and chemicals in the body that recognizes invading organisms and substance and works to get rid of them or make them harmless

Immune system

Disease or condition caused by micro organism is a

Infection

Burns or cuts reduce the integrity of the skin and reduce the effectiveness of

Infectious diseases

The bodies initial reaction to the image is the acute

Inflammatory response

The ability that a person has from birth to fight infection is

Innate

White blood cells that monitor the bloodstream and body tissues for signs of infection and if they encounter an antigen rapidly duplicate and turn on the pacific response are called

Lymphocytes

The mosquito borne disease caused by four species of the plasmodium parasite is

Malaria

After B and T cells have been exposed to an antigen they produce

Memory cells so that if they encounter the same antigen again they will be able to respond more quickly

Prevention strategies for malaria include eliminating

Mosquito breeding grounds

urinary tract infection (UTI)

Most common of all bacterial infections in women

When bacteria Inhabit A host harmlessly or even helpfully they are considered to be part of the

Normal flora

HIV testing

Not a test for circulating virus Test for presence of antibody against HIV Further testing confirms HIV-positive status

mode of transmission

a way that the infectious agent can be transmitted to another reservoir or host where it can live

A(n)—— infection is an infection that would be Disposed of by a healthy immune system but that a weekend immune system cannot fight off

Opportunistic

The popular screening test for cervical cancer in women is called the—- which involves a physician inserting a speculum through the vagina opening to look at the cervix and they take a light scraping of cells from its surface

Pap test

If a micro organism causes an illness in a human then the organism is called infection agent or

Pathogen

whooping cough or—-

Pertussis is a highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract

The first cellular line of the fence against foreign invaders

Phagocytes

The term—— was coined as a shortened form of proteinaceous infectious particles infectious agents believed to be made entirely of proteins

Preons

In the chain of infection the——- is the place were larger pool of infections organism survive or live in a community

Reservoir

If they bacteria is able to grow in the setting of an antibiotic that when usually prevent it's growth the bacteria is said to have

Resistance

The——-I'll break in 2003 occur due to international travelers

SAR

Is the most common cause of skin infections

Staphylococcus

There are two primary types of lymphocytes the

Suppressor T cells are involved with slowing down and halting the immune response when the threat has been handled

immunization

The deliberate exposure of a pathogen to produce memory cells.

The most common infectious disease worldwide is

Tuberculosis

uncontrollable

age, genetics, gender

The set of protective measures are called—— precautions are taken by healthcare workers with blood in certain body fluids of every patient in order to prevent transmission of blood borne infections

Universal

Infectious of the——-are believed to be the most common bacterial infections and occur most often in females than males

Urinary tract

In the chain of infection the ——— Is the animal or insect that transmits a pathogen into a new host

Vector

A pathogens——- is the speed and intensity with which it is likely to cause an infection

Virulence

A(n) ——— consisting of a piece of DNA or RNA and a protein coat is a micro organism that requires the use of another organism cells to grow and divide

Virus

HIV/AIDS

Virus that destroys the immune system that should protect the body from diseases. The disease is passed from person to person through sexual acts, blood transfusions, used hypodermic needles, or from mother to child during birth.

sexual behavior

What you think, say, and do about sex

Pathogen

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

bacterial vaginosis

a condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina

Malaria

a mosquito-born infectious disease that caused 655,000 deaths in 2010

infectious agent

a pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus that can cause a disease

susceptible host

a person likely to get an infection or disease, usually because body defenses are weak

T cells

a type of lymphocyte that helps the immune system destroy pathogens

portal of exit

a way for the infectious agent to escape from the reservoir in which it has been growing

Vector

animal or insect that transmits a pathogen from a resevoir or an infected host to a new host. Breaking the chain of infection at any point can either increase or decrease the risk of infection.

A marker on the surface of a foreign substance that identifies it to immune cells as non-self is called

antigen

Killer T cells

attack and destroy infected body cells

single celled organisms called------ can be found in almost all environments and can inhabit the human body harmlessly or helpfully

bacteria

Allergies

body identifies a harmless foreign substance as an antigen and creates an immune response

controllable

capable of being controlled

Food production and distribution changes

changes in food production and distribution can affect disease transmission.

Ectoparasites

complex organisms that usually live on the host's skin

drug cocktails

complicated drug combinations that combat the development of resistant viral strains

Protozoa

single celled organisms with the ability to move independently

Bacteria

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes

Suppresor T cells

slow down and halt the immune response when the threat has been handled

Virulence

speed and intensity with which a pathogen is likely to cause an infection

illicit drug use

the use or sale of any substance that is illegal or otherwise not permitted

Viruses

tiny particles, smaller than bacteria and other pathogens, which must invade living cells in order to reproduce; when they invade, the cells are damaged or destroyed in the process releasing new particles to infect other cells