Chapter 11: Motivated Behaviors
Homeostasis
Advance on the idea of drive reduction. Maintaining an optimum level of biological conditions.
What is a bad way to overcome procrastination?
Have someone praise your previous work as being wonderful and amazing.
hierarchy of needs
Maslow's pyramid that organizes needs from the most insistent to the ones that receive attention only when all others are under control.
extrinsic motivation
Motivation that involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
STD that attacks the body's immune system
What is a common mistake when people set goals?
They underestimate how long a task will take.
set point
a level that the body works to maintain. your mean weight.
drive
a state of unrest or irritation that energizes one behavior after another until one of them removes the irritation
motivation
an irritation that energizes behavior to remove the irritation
intrinsic motivation
based on the pleasure that the act itself provides. playing a video game or making art.
delay of gratification
declining a pleasant activity now in order to get greater pleasure later. way of decreasing temptation.
human-relations approach
employees like variety in their job, a sense of accomplishment, and a sense of responsibility
What influences sexual orientation?
genetic influences and prenatal environment. gays and straights differ in the size of a structure in the hypothalamus that contributes to sexual behavior.
incentive theories
incentives are external stimuli that attract us even if we have no biological need for them. motivations are responses to attractive stimuli.
transactional leader
leader who tries to make the organization more efficient at doing what it is already doing by providing rewards for effective work
job burnout
long-lasting sense of mental and physical exhaustion and discouragement
allostasis
maintaining levels of biological conditions that vary according to an individual's needs and circumstances. acts as a way to prevent difficulties instead of just correcting them.
glucose
most abundant sugar in the blood, is an important energy source for the body and by far the main energy source for the brain
mere measurement effect
simply estimating your probability of doing some desirable activity increases your probability of that action
incentives
stimuli that pulls us towards an action
leptin
the hormone maintaining constant body weight depends on. the body's fat cells release the hormone in amounts proportional to the being's mass.
insulin
the hormone that increases the flow of glucose and several other nutrients into body cells. as its levels rise and fall, hunger decreases and increases.
drive-reduction theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. implies we always try to reduce stimulation, never increase it. overlooks importance of external stimuli.
self-actualization
the need for creative activities to fulfill your potential. at the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
scientific-management approach
you should experiment to find the best way to do the job, select appropriate workers, and train them well to do it the right way
