Chapter 11: Motivating Employees

Reinforcement

A desired consequence or the ending of a negative consequence, either of which is given in response to a desirable behavior

Group Incentive Plan

A financial incentive plan that rewards a team of workers for meeting or exceeding an objective

Gainsharing

A group incentive plan in which the organization encourages employees to participate in making suggestions and decisions, the rewards the group with a share of improved earnings

Profit-Sharing Plan

A group incentive plan under which the company sets aside a share of its profits and divides it among employees

Flextime

A policy that grants employees some leeway in choosing which 8 hours a day or which 40 hours a week to work

Theory X

A set of management attitudes based on the view that people dislike work and must be coerced to perfrom

Theory Y

A set of management attitudes based on the view that work is a natural activity and that people will work hard and creatively to achieve objectives to which they are committed

Theory Z

A set of management attitudes that emphasizes employee participation in all aspects of decision making

food

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, _____ is an example of a person's psychological needs.

praise

According to Abraham Maslow, esteem needs of a person can be met though _____.

Theory X

According to Douglas McGregor, _____ refers to a set of management attitudes based on the view that people dislike work and must be coerced to perform.

Theory Y

According to Douglas McGregor, _____ refers to a set of management attitudes based on the view that work is a natural activity and that people will work hard and creatively to achieve objectives to which they are committed.

presence of motivating factors

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation, satisfaction results from the _____.

presences of motivating factors

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation, satisfaction results from the _____.

achievement

According to McClelland's theory of motivation, the desire to do something better than it has been done before is the need for _____.

expectancy

According to Victor Vroom's process theory of motivation, _____ is the perceived likelihood that a particular behavior will lead to a desired outcome.

Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993

Act that states that organizations with 50 or more employees within a 75-mile radius must give employees up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave to care for a seriously ill child, parent, or spouse or if they themselves have medical conditions that prevent them from doing their jobs

Job Sharing

An arrangement in which two part-time employees share the duties of one full-time job

Job Enlargement

An effort to make a job more interesting by adding more duties to it

lead them to perform in ways that meet the goals of a department and an organization

An objective of motivating employees is to _____.

Punishment

An unpleasant consequence given in response to undesirable behavior

Job sharing

Ashley and Andrea work on the same project in a software company. They both manage the suites of a single position in the company. They work for six hours every day as both of them have infants. This is an example of _____.

(b) A medical checkup

Based on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is an example of an employee's security needs at the workplace? (a) Companionship (b) A medical checkup (c) The desire for love (d) Self-esteem

Theory Y

Based on Douglas McGregor's theory of motivation, a manager who follows _____ learns to seek responsibility and to be creative in solving organizational problems.

power

Based on McClelland's theory of motivation, someone with a strong need for _____ tries to influence others and seeks out advancement and responsibility.

learned helplessness

Based on Skinner's reinforcement theory of motivation, psychologists have found that repeated punishment, or failure, can lead to an unhappy consequence called _____.

Theory Z

Based on William Ouchi's _____, supervisors seek to involve employees in making decisions, consider long-term goals when making plans, and give employees relatively great freedom in carrying out their duties.

achievement-power-affiliation theory

David McClelland's theory of motivation is called the _____.

Motivation

Giving people incentives tat cause them to act in desired ways

(c) Supervisors must consider individual differences in designing rewards.

Identify a common element of most motivation theories. (a) Supervisors must consider the fact that motivating factors remain the same for all employees. (b) Supervisors must not offer a variety of rewards to employees. (c) Supervisors must consider individual differences in designing rewards. (d) Supervisors must not consider hygiene factors while creating work schedules.

(b) Gamification

Identify a way to motivate employees in an organization. (a) Nepotism (b) Gamification (c) Isolation (d) Individualism

(a) Reduced employee absence

Identify an advantage of flexible work arrangements. (a) Reduced employee absence (b) Increased employee turnover (c) Reduced employee attendance (d) Increased number of employees

(c) Membership in a religious organization

Identify an example of self-actualization need according to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs. (a) A home in a sage neighborhood (b) Health insurance (c) Membership in a religious organization (d) Food and shelter

(c) Vroom's expectancy-valence theory (d) Skinner's reinforcement theory

Identify the major process theories of motivation. Select all that apply. (a) McClelland's achievement-power-affiliation theory (b) Herzberg's two-factor theory (c) Vroom's expectancy-valence theory (d) Skinner's reinforcement theory

(a) Expressing praise (d) Using clear objectives

Identify the means of connecting rewards to an employee's performance. Select all that apply. (a) Expressing praise (b) Stating criticism publicly (c) Taking credit for someone's idea (d) Using clear objectives

(b) David McClelland (d) Frederick Herzberg (e) Abraham Maslow

Identify the researchers whose content theories of motivation are widely used. Select all that apply. (a) Fred Fiedler (b) David McClelland (c) Ken Blanchard (d) Frederick Herzberg (e) Abraham Maslow

psychological

In Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, the most basic needs are _____ needs.

(c) Opportunity for achievement (d) Advancement (e) Personal growth (f) Work itself

In the context of Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation, identify the examples of motivating factors. Select all that apply. (a) Working conditions (b) Company policy and administration (c) Opportunity for achievement (d) Advancement (e) Personal growth (f) Work itself

achievement

In the context of McClelland's theory of motivation, a person with a strong need for _____ is more motivated by success than by money.

affiliation

Margaret, a sales executive in a pharmaceutical company, does fieldwork. Later, she accepts in-office, lower paying position to maintain friendly relationships with her colleagues. In the context of McClelland's theory of motivation, Margaret's need for _____ has been satisfied in this scenario.

the Pygmalion Effect

Maria, a supervisor at a super market, has high expectations of her team members. She constantly motivates them, which eventually leads to high performances. This situation exemplifies _____.

(a) Physiological needs - (i) Access to drinking water (b) Security needs - (h) Job safety (c) Social needs - (f) A supportive manager (d) Esteem needs - (j) Pride in skillfully performing a craft such as carpentry (e) Self-actualization needs - (g) Volunteer work in a nonprofit organization

Match the needs of employees as suggested by Abraham Maslow (a-e) with their examples in a workplace (f-j). (a) Physiological needs (b) Security needs (c) Social needs (d) Esteem needs (e) Self-actualization needs (f) A supportive manager (g) Volunteer work in a nonprofit organization (h) Job safety (i) Access to drinking water (j) Pride in skillfully performing a craft such as carpentry

individual differences

McClelland's theory of motivation considers _____, whereas Maslow's theory of motivation does not.

people develop various needs through their life experiences

McClelland's theory of motivation is based on the assumption that _____.

Job Rotation

Moving employees from job to job to give them more variety

Piecework System

Payment according to the quantity produced

Commissions

Payment linked to the amount of sales completed

Financial Incentives

Payments for meeting or exceeding objectives

Intrinsic Reward

Personal satisfaction

Intrinsic Reward

Personal satisfaction that come directly from performing a task

Extrinsic Reward

Recognition or compensation that is extraneous to the task accomplished

Pygmalion Effect

The direct relationship between expectations and performance; high expectations lead to high perfromance

Job Enrichment

The incorporation of motivating factors into a job - in particular, giving the employee more responsibility and recognition

Production Bonus System

The pay plan in which employees may receive a basic wage or salary plus an incentive that consists of a payment each unit made

perfromance

The rewards a supervisor uses should be linked to employees' _____ to help employees believe they can attain desired rewards.

Behavior Modification

The use of reinforcement theory to motivate people to behave in a certain way

B.F. Skinner's Reinforcement Theory

Theory that maintains that people's behavior is influenced largely by the consequences of their past behavior

Vroom's Expectancy-Valence Theory

Theory that states the strength of motivation equals the perceived value of the outcome times the perceived probability that the behavior will result in the outcome Strength of Motivation = Perceived Value of Outcome (Valence) X Perceived Likelihood of Outcome (Expectancy) & Probability of Resulting in Reward (Instrumentality)

Cross-Training

Training in the skills required to perform more than one job

False

True or False: According to Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation, satisfaction results from the absence of hygiene factors.

False

True or False: In the context of Skinner's reinforcement theory of motivation, research has indicated that behavior modification programs cannot be applied in organizational settings.

False

True or False: McClelland's and Herzberg's theories of motivation are process theories since they deal with specific motivators.

True

True or False: To motivate employees with the possibility of a raise and a belief that pay rates are fair, an organization must let them know what they can hope to earn.

guarantee that an employee will be able to return to his or her job after time off

Under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, an employer must _____.

Enforcing a zero tolerance policy on workplace bullying

_____ ensures that no employee feels threatened or intimidated in any way in an organization.

Companionship

_____ is an example of a social needs as proposed by Abraham Maslow.

Expectancy

the perceived likelihood that the behavior will lead to the outcome

Instrumentatlity

the perceived probability that the promise reward will actually be received

Valence

the value a person place on the outcome of a particular behavior