Chapter 11: Muscles
other thigh muscles: sartorius, gracilis, tensor fasciae latae what about the location of the gracilis would indicate that it is a hip abductor
it starts on the pubic bone and extends down to the upper middle shaft of the tibia
What would happen if the left sternocleidomastoid muscle was contracted but not the right?
it would go on the opposite side
Which muscle is the prime mover for shoulder extension?
latissimus dorsi
A strain involves
muscle or tendon
hamstrings: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris do these muscles have the same functions regarding flexion/extension at the hip and knee? (check)
no, opposite, hamstrings and quadriceps femoris are antagonists
vertebral extension
performed by the erector spinae group
abdominals which of these muscles would help flex the spinal column
rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis rectus abdominis
The deltoid muscle is the prime mover for?
shoulder abduction
Which functions of the pectoralis major and the lastissimus dorsi are synergistic? In other words, which movements do they cause that are the same?
shoulder adduction
Facial muscles insert into the
skin
Which muscle of the rotator cuff medially rotates the shoulder?
supraspinatus
name a rotator cuff muscle that is synergistic to the deltoid regarding shoulder abduction
supraspinatus
How does the muscle attach to bone: origin
the less moveable bony attachment of the muscle
Regarding shoulder flexion......
the pectoralis major is the prime mover. That means it is the most powerful muscle producing that movement.
Triceps (Check)
three heads it has 3 heads due to.....
Abdominals: Which of these muscles would help compress the abdomen? why is that important
transverse abdominis and it stabilizes pelvis and lumbar spine
Which muscle extends the elbow?
triceps brachii
Typically muscles attach to __________ bones with _________ joint in between the bones.
two, one when the muscle shortens, the two bony attachment sites move closer together. In general, one of the bones will move and the other will not.
Deltoid muscle: The major function of this entire muscle is shoulder.....
abduction
antagonists
action opposite of the prime mover These muscles must stretch so that the prime mover can contract
There teres major and latissimus dorsi are synergistic in their actions at the shoulder....
although the teres major is a much smaller muscle
Regarding flexion and extension at the shoulder, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi are?
antagonistic
How can it be that this one muscle extends and flexes the shoulder? Explain.
anterior portion flexes and posterior portion extends
synergists
assist the prime mover these muscles have the same action as the prime mover, but they are less powerful
What cells creates blood brain barrier
astrocytes and considered neuroglia cells
Which muscle aids in rotation of the joint between the atlas and axis?
atlanto-axial joint
Biceps Brachii: how can it be that this muscle produces movement at both the shoulder and elbow?
because it has 2 heads
paralysis of facial muscles on one side of the face is called
bell's palsy
wrist hyperextension
bring dorsal surface of hand back as far as possible
Which muscle abducts the arm?
deltoid
What other muscles would be synergists in shoulder extension?
deltoid and teres major
Dislocation
displacement of a bone from its joint
Tibialis anterior This muscle will __________ the ankle
dorsiflex
quadriceps muscle
extends knee rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
Latissimus dorsi and teres major: The latissimus dorsi ________, __________, and ____________ rotates the shoulder
extends, adducts, and medial
Abdominals: which muscle is the most superficial
external oblique
facial muscles are innervated by the ___________ nerve
facial
Which nerve innervates the thigh muscles?
femoral nerve
What is the action of the hamstrings at the hip?
flex the knee and extend the hip
hamstrings: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris Hamstrings _________ the knee and __________ the hip
flex, extend
iliopsoas
flexes hip iliacus muscle and psoas major muscle = illopsas
pectoralis major: the pectoralis major muscle _____________, ___________, and _____________ rotates the shoulder
flexes, adducts, and medial
Gluteus maximus and gluteus medius: which one laterally rotates the hip
gluteus maximus
hip flexion 1
iliopsoas
The rectus femoris is ___________ to the iliopsoas regarding hip flexion
inferior
diaphragm
it is important to remember that this breathing muscle is made of skeletal muscle
Which muscles flex the knee?
Hamstrings
neck hyperextension
Looking at a spot on the ceiling directly over your head involves this motion
What are two antagonistic muscles regarding shoulder abduction? (check)
Muscles: supraspinatus (initiates abduction - first 15 degrees), deltoid (up to 90 degrees), trapezius and serratus anterior (scapular rotation, for abduction beyond 90 degrees). The deltoid muscle abducts the arm, but at 90 degrees the humerus bumps into the acromion.
opposition movement
Opposition is the movement that involves grasping of the thumb and fingers.
dorsiflexion (ankle flexion)
Prime mover: Synergist(s): Antagonist(s):
plantar flexion (ankle extension)
Prime mover: Synergist(s): Antagonist(s):
knee extension
Prime mover: Synergist(s): Antagonist(s):
elbow flexion
Prime mover: brachialis Synergist(s): biceps brachii Antagonist(s): tricep brachii
shoulder abduction
Prime mover: deltoid Synergist(s): supraspinatus Antagonist(s): latisimus dorsi and pectoralis major
hip extension
Prime mover: gluteus maximus Synergist(s): hamstring Antagonist(s): iliopsas
knee flexion
Prime mover: hamstring Synergist(s): sartorius Antagonist(s): quadriceps femoris
hip flexion
Prime mover: iliopsas Synergist(s): gracialis Antagonist(s): gluteus maximus
shoulder extension
Prime mover: latisimus dorsi Synergist(s): teres major Antagonist(s): pectoralis major
shoulder flexion
Prime mover: pectoralis major Synergist(s): biceps brachii Antagonist(s): latissiumus dorsi
shoulder adduction
Prime mover: pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major Synergist(s): teres major Antagonist(s): deltoid
trunk flexion
Prime mover: rectus abdominis Synergist(s): external oblique Antagonist(s): erector spinae
neck flexion
Prime mover: sternocleidmastoid Synergist(s): scalene Antagonist(s): trapezius
elbow extension
Prime mover: triceps brachii Synergist(s): Antagonist(s): brachialis
Knee extension
Quadriceps
vertebral flexion
RECTUS ABDOMINUS EXTERNAL OBLIQUE INTERNAL OBLIQUE PSOAS MAJOR ILLIACUS
Which muscle hyperextends the neck?
Trapezius
Agonist vs. Antagonist
Two things have the same function Vs. Having the opposite functions of each other
other thigh muscles: sartorius, gracilis, tensor fasciae latae Which of these muscles cause(s) movement at both the hip and knee
all of them
Which muscle is the prime mover for knee extension?
all quadriceps; rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius
Trapezius muscles and sternocleidomastoid muscles are....
antagonistic muscles
plantar felxion
bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
Which muscle flexes the elbow?
biceps brachii
elbow flexion 1
biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis
hamstrings: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris which muscle is located on the lateral side of the leg?
biceps femoris
name a synergist to the biceps brachii regarding elbow flexion
brachialis
What other muscles would be synergists in shoulder flexion?
deltoid, and biceps brachii
triceps: soleus + gastrocnemius: The gatrocnemius _________ the knee and ________ ___________ the ankle Both of these muscles form the ___________ tendon that inserts into the _________ bone
flexes, soleus extends calcaneal, calcaneus
iliopsoas: the iliacus and psoas major work synergistically as the prime mover for hip ___________
flexion
Biceps Brachii: The major function of this muscle is elbow ___________.
flexion (also flexion of shoulder)
triceps surii
gastrocnemius and sleus
How does the muscle attach to bone: insertion
generally the more moveable bony attachment of the muscle
Gluteus maximus and gluteus medius: which is the prime mover for hip extension
gluteus maximus
hip extension 1
gluteus maximus
which muscle extends the hip (check)
gluteus maximus
Gluteus maximus and gluteus medius: which one abducts the hip
gluteus medius
which muscle abducts the thigh?
gluteus medius
hip abduction
gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
which muscles adduct the thigh?
gracilis, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus
hamstrings: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris regarding hip flexion/extension, the hamstring and the rectus femoris are _________ muscles
hamstring
Trapezius: contraction of the trapezius muscle would ___________ the neck
hyperextend
Sternocleidomastoid: contraction of both sternocleidomastoid muscles would cause neck _________
hyperextension
Which of thigh muscles cause hip flexion
iliopsoas
A sprain involves
ligament
Why are muscles of the rotator cuff so important?
made up of muscles and tendons that keep the ball (head) of your humerus in shoulder socket. Also helps raise and rotate arm
prime mover
major muscle that produces desired action
shoulder abduction
middle deltoid, supraspinatus
back side
mostly extension
Front side of body
mostly flexion (knee is opposite one)
Dorsifelxion
movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
Muscles work together to produce _____________. _______________ indicates that muscles have different roles during specific movements.
movement, group action
Actin and myosin interaction
myosin head binds to myosin site on actin and it ratchets and pulls use ATP to release it and cocks it back in to grab next binding site and repeat to contract the muscle would contract all or none
Gluteus maximus and gluteus medius: Do these muscles have the same function?
no
Flexors and extenders are located on _____________ of the joint
opposite sides
facial muscles
orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, buccinator, zygomatic muscle know the facial expression or movement produced by each muscle listed above
Which muscle is the prime mover for shoulder flexion?
pectoralis major
which muscles adduct the arm?
pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi
shoulder adduction 1
pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major
which muscle flexes the vertebral column
rectus abdominus
Name an antagonistic muscle to the semitendinosus muscle regarding hip extension.
rectus femoris
Which thigh muscles cause knee extension?
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
Which thigh muscle spans two joints?
rectus femoris: flexes hip and extends knee
other thigh muscles: sartorius, gracilis, tensor fasciae latae what is the action of these muscles at the hip and knee
sartorius = flexion at knee/ gracillis = flexion at knee/ tensor fasciae latae: flexion and medial rotation at hip
4 areas needed for atp
sodium potassium pump, calcium pump, detaching and re-cocking (powerstroke), exocytosis
which muscle is the prime mover for plantar flexion of the ankle?
soleus
other thigh muscles: sartorius, gracilis, tensor fasciae latae which muscle only spans one joint? what is its function?
soleus and it is capable of exerting powerful forces onto the ankle joint
fixators
stabilize the point of origin of the prime mover
neck flexion 1
sternocleidomastoid
Which muscles laterally rotate the shoulder?
subscapularis
rotator cuff
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
Is the triceps brachii a synergist or antagonist of the brachialis muscle at the elbow? why?
synergist because it helps perform the same set of joint motion as agonists
If two muscles laterally rotate the shoulder, are they synergistic or antagonistic regarding rotation?
synergistic
hamstrings: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris The semi membranous and the semitendinosus are __________ (synergistic or antagonistic) in their action at the knee joint
synergistic
regarding adduction at the shoulder, they are?
synergistic
bursa filled with?
synovial fluid to prevent friction and allow tendons and ligaments to move smoothly
When the muscle shortens.......
the insertion point moves toward the origin. The insertion is usually the more distal point of muscle attachment.
regarding shoulder extension
the latissimus dorsi is the prime mover. Notice if it is antagonistic to the pectoralis major in that movement
scalenes
the scalene muscles can cause neck flexion. on the other hand, if the head is held still, they can lift the rib cage and assist in breathing (deep neck muscles).
If the trapezius muscle is contracted (causing neck hyperextension)
the sternocleidmastoid muscles would have to stretch
If the sternocleidomastoid muscles (right and left) are contracting (neck flexion),.......
the trapezius muscle would have to stretch
erector spinae would these muscles flex or extend the trunk
this is a collective name for three major muscle groups of the back extend
Which muscle is the prime mover for dorsiflexion of the ankle?
tibialis anterior
Abdominals: which muscle is located deep to the others
transverse abdominis
triceps: soleus + gastrocnemius: Do both of these muscles cause movement at the knee and ankle?
yes
which muscle above allows you to smile
zygomatic muscles, orbicularis oculi
How many facial nerves are there
12
Why is quadriceps called quadriceps?
4 heads
What is the iliotibial tract?
A band of collagen fibers that extends along the lateral surface of the thigh and inserts on the tibia
saddle joint
A saddle joint is a synovial joint where one of the bones forming the joint is shaped like a saddle with the other bone resting on it like a rider on a horse. Saddle joints provide stability to the bones while providing more flexibility than a hinge or gliding joint. thumb joint
Naming muscles: Notice that muscles are named by:
A. location" sternocleidomastoid, infraspinatus, etc. B. shape of the muscle: trapezius, deltoid, etc. C. direction of the muscle fibers: rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, etc. D. number of origins or "heads". biceps femoris, triceps brachii, etc. E. size: gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, etc. F. action: adductor femoris, pronator teres, etc. G. origin and insertion: sternocleidomastoid
Knee Flexion
Hamstrings
Fixator note
The idea of a "fixator" is often difficult to understand. Think about the rotator cuff. The rotator cuff muscles originate on the scapula, a moveable bone. If the contraction of a rotator cuff muscle should move the arm (the insertion), it would be important for the scapula to remain stationary so that the insertion can move towards the origin. That happens through the contraction of fixator muscles that attach to the scapula. The rhomboid muscles, for example, are muscles that help hold the scapula in place during arm movement. Another muscle would be the serratus anterior. or think of a person who is hanging from an exercise bar fully extended in a doorway (feet not on the ground). Hip flexion would be extremely difficult because the hip flexors (rectus femoris, sartorius, gracilis) originate on the pelvis which is no longer stationary. In order to flex the hips, fixator muscles would have to keep the pelvis stationary. What muscles would do that? The abdominal muscles! People who can flex their hips while hanging from an exercise bar have very strong abdominal muscles. The abdominal muscles, in that case, would be fixators for hip flexion.
