Chapter 11: Muscles

other thigh muscles: sartorius, gracilis, tensor fasciae latae what about the location of the gracilis would indicate that it is a hip abductor

it starts on the pubic bone and extends down to the upper middle shaft of the tibia

What would happen if the left sternocleidomastoid muscle was contracted but not the right?

it would go on the opposite side

Which muscle is the prime mover for shoulder extension?

latissimus dorsi

A strain involves

muscle or tendon

hamstrings: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris do these muscles have the same functions regarding flexion/extension at the hip and knee? (check)

no, opposite, hamstrings and quadriceps femoris are antagonists

vertebral extension

performed by the erector spinae group

abdominals which of these muscles would help flex the spinal column

rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis rectus abdominis

The deltoid muscle is the prime mover for?

shoulder abduction

Which functions of the pectoralis major and the lastissimus dorsi are synergistic? In other words, which movements do they cause that are the same?

shoulder adduction

Facial muscles insert into the

skin

Which muscle of the rotator cuff medially rotates the shoulder?

supraspinatus

name a rotator cuff muscle that is synergistic to the deltoid regarding shoulder abduction

supraspinatus

How does the muscle attach to bone: origin

the less moveable bony attachment of the muscle

Regarding shoulder flexion......

the pectoralis major is the prime mover. That means it is the most powerful muscle producing that movement.

Triceps (Check)

three heads it has 3 heads due to.....

Abdominals: Which of these muscles would help compress the abdomen? why is that important

transverse abdominis and it stabilizes pelvis and lumbar spine

Which muscle extends the elbow?

triceps brachii

Typically muscles attach to __________ bones with _________ joint in between the bones.

two, one when the muscle shortens, the two bony attachment sites move closer together. In general, one of the bones will move and the other will not.

Deltoid muscle: The major function of this entire muscle is shoulder.....

abduction

antagonists

action opposite of the prime mover These muscles must stretch so that the prime mover can contract

There teres major and latissimus dorsi are synergistic in their actions at the shoulder....

although the teres major is a much smaller muscle

Regarding flexion and extension at the shoulder, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi are?

antagonistic

How can it be that this one muscle extends and flexes the shoulder? Explain.

anterior portion flexes and posterior portion extends

synergists

assist the prime mover these muscles have the same action as the prime mover, but they are less powerful

What cells creates blood brain barrier

astrocytes and considered neuroglia cells

Which muscle aids in rotation of the joint between the atlas and axis?

atlanto-axial joint

Biceps Brachii: how can it be that this muscle produces movement at both the shoulder and elbow?

because it has 2 heads

paralysis of facial muscles on one side of the face is called

bell's palsy

wrist hyperextension

bring dorsal surface of hand back as far as possible

Which muscle abducts the arm?

deltoid

What other muscles would be synergists in shoulder extension?

deltoid and teres major

Dislocation

displacement of a bone from its joint

Tibialis anterior This muscle will __________ the ankle

dorsiflex

quadriceps muscle

extends knee rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

Latissimus dorsi and teres major: The latissimus dorsi ________, __________, and ____________ rotates the shoulder

extends, adducts, and medial

Abdominals: which muscle is the most superficial

external oblique

facial muscles are innervated by the ___________ nerve

facial

Which nerve innervates the thigh muscles?

femoral nerve

What is the action of the hamstrings at the hip?

flex the knee and extend the hip

hamstrings: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris Hamstrings _________ the knee and __________ the hip

flex, extend

iliopsoas

flexes hip iliacus muscle and psoas major muscle = illopsas

pectoralis major: the pectoralis major muscle _____________, ___________, and _____________ rotates the shoulder

flexes, adducts, and medial

Gluteus maximus and gluteus medius: which one laterally rotates the hip

gluteus maximus

hip flexion 1

iliopsoas

The rectus femoris is ___________ to the iliopsoas regarding hip flexion

inferior

diaphragm

it is important to remember that this breathing muscle is made of skeletal muscle

Which muscles flex the knee?

Hamstrings

neck hyperextension

Looking at a spot on the ceiling directly over your head involves this motion

What are two antagonistic muscles regarding shoulder abduction? (check)

Muscles: supraspinatus (initiates abduction - first 15 degrees), deltoid (up to 90 degrees), trapezius and serratus anterior (scapular rotation, for abduction beyond 90 degrees). The deltoid muscle abducts the arm, but at 90 degrees the humerus bumps into the acromion.

opposition movement

Opposition is the movement that involves grasping of the thumb and fingers.

dorsiflexion (ankle flexion)

Prime mover: Synergist(s): Antagonist(s):

plantar flexion (ankle extension)

Prime mover: Synergist(s): Antagonist(s):

knee extension

Prime mover: Synergist(s): Antagonist(s):

elbow flexion

Prime mover: brachialis Synergist(s): biceps brachii Antagonist(s): tricep brachii

shoulder abduction

Prime mover: deltoid Synergist(s): supraspinatus Antagonist(s): latisimus dorsi and pectoralis major

hip extension

Prime mover: gluteus maximus Synergist(s): hamstring Antagonist(s): iliopsas

knee flexion

Prime mover: hamstring Synergist(s): sartorius Antagonist(s): quadriceps femoris

hip flexion

Prime mover: iliopsas Synergist(s): gracialis Antagonist(s): gluteus maximus

shoulder extension

Prime mover: latisimus dorsi Synergist(s): teres major Antagonist(s): pectoralis major

shoulder flexion

Prime mover: pectoralis major Synergist(s): biceps brachii Antagonist(s): latissiumus dorsi

shoulder adduction

Prime mover: pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major Synergist(s): teres major Antagonist(s): deltoid

trunk flexion

Prime mover: rectus abdominis Synergist(s): external oblique Antagonist(s): erector spinae

neck flexion

Prime mover: sternocleidmastoid Synergist(s): scalene Antagonist(s): trapezius

elbow extension

Prime mover: triceps brachii Synergist(s): Antagonist(s): brachialis

Knee extension

Quadriceps

vertebral flexion

RECTUS ABDOMINUS EXTERNAL OBLIQUE INTERNAL OBLIQUE PSOAS MAJOR ILLIACUS

Which muscle hyperextends the neck?

Trapezius

Agonist vs. Antagonist

Two things have the same function Vs. Having the opposite functions of each other

other thigh muscles: sartorius, gracilis, tensor fasciae latae Which of these muscles cause(s) movement at both the hip and knee

all of them

Which muscle is the prime mover for knee extension?

all quadriceps; rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius

Trapezius muscles and sternocleidomastoid muscles are....

antagonistic muscles

plantar felxion

bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

Which muscle flexes the elbow?

biceps brachii

elbow flexion 1

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

hamstrings: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris which muscle is located on the lateral side of the leg?

biceps femoris

name a synergist to the biceps brachii regarding elbow flexion

brachialis

What other muscles would be synergists in shoulder flexion?

deltoid, and biceps brachii

triceps: soleus + gastrocnemius: The gatrocnemius _________ the knee and ________ ___________ the ankle Both of these muscles form the ___________ tendon that inserts into the _________ bone

flexes, soleus extends calcaneal, calcaneus

iliopsoas: the iliacus and psoas major work synergistically as the prime mover for hip ___________

flexion

Biceps Brachii: The major function of this muscle is elbow ___________.

flexion (also flexion of shoulder)

triceps surii

gastrocnemius and sleus

How does the muscle attach to bone: insertion

generally the more moveable bony attachment of the muscle

Gluteus maximus and gluteus medius: which is the prime mover for hip extension

gluteus maximus

hip extension 1

gluteus maximus

which muscle extends the hip (check)

gluteus maximus

Gluteus maximus and gluteus medius: which one abducts the hip

gluteus medius

which muscle abducts the thigh?

gluteus medius

hip abduction

gluteus medius, gluteus minimus

which muscles adduct the thigh?

gracilis, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus

hamstrings: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris regarding hip flexion/extension, the hamstring and the rectus femoris are _________ muscles

hamstring

Trapezius: contraction of the trapezius muscle would ___________ the neck

hyperextend

Sternocleidomastoid: contraction of both sternocleidomastoid muscles would cause neck _________

hyperextension

Which of thigh muscles cause hip flexion

iliopsoas

A sprain involves

ligament

Why are muscles of the rotator cuff so important?

made up of muscles and tendons that keep the ball (head) of your humerus in shoulder socket. Also helps raise and rotate arm

prime mover

major muscle that produces desired action

shoulder abduction

middle deltoid, supraspinatus

back side

mostly extension

Front side of body

mostly flexion (knee is opposite one)

Dorsifelxion

movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle

Muscles work together to produce _____________. _______________ indicates that muscles have different roles during specific movements.

movement, group action

Actin and myosin interaction

myosin head binds to myosin site on actin and it ratchets and pulls use ATP to release it and cocks it back in to grab next binding site and repeat to contract the muscle would contract all or none

Gluteus maximus and gluteus medius: Do these muscles have the same function?

no

Flexors and extenders are located on _____________ of the joint

opposite sides

facial muscles

orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, buccinator, zygomatic muscle know the facial expression or movement produced by each muscle listed above

Which muscle is the prime mover for shoulder flexion?

pectoralis major

which muscles adduct the arm?

pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi

shoulder adduction 1

pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major

which muscle flexes the vertebral column

rectus abdominus

Name an antagonistic muscle to the semitendinosus muscle regarding hip extension.

rectus femoris

Which thigh muscles cause knee extension?

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

Which thigh muscle spans two joints?

rectus femoris: flexes hip and extends knee

other thigh muscles: sartorius, gracilis, tensor fasciae latae what is the action of these muscles at the hip and knee

sartorius = flexion at knee/ gracillis = flexion at knee/ tensor fasciae latae: flexion and medial rotation at hip

4 areas needed for atp

sodium potassium pump, calcium pump, detaching and re-cocking (powerstroke), exocytosis

which muscle is the prime mover for plantar flexion of the ankle?

soleus

other thigh muscles: sartorius, gracilis, tensor fasciae latae which muscle only spans one joint? what is its function?

soleus and it is capable of exerting powerful forces onto the ankle joint

fixators

stabilize the point of origin of the prime mover

neck flexion 1

sternocleidomastoid

Which muscles laterally rotate the shoulder?

subscapularis

rotator cuff

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

Is the triceps brachii a synergist or antagonist of the brachialis muscle at the elbow? why?

synergist because it helps perform the same set of joint motion as agonists

If two muscles laterally rotate the shoulder, are they synergistic or antagonistic regarding rotation?

synergistic

hamstrings: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris The semi membranous and the semitendinosus are __________ (synergistic or antagonistic) in their action at the knee joint

synergistic

regarding adduction at the shoulder, they are?

synergistic

bursa filled with?

synovial fluid to prevent friction and allow tendons and ligaments to move smoothly

When the muscle shortens.......

the insertion point moves toward the origin. The insertion is usually the more distal point of muscle attachment.

regarding shoulder extension

the latissimus dorsi is the prime mover. Notice if it is antagonistic to the pectoralis major in that movement

scalenes

the scalene muscles can cause neck flexion. on the other hand, if the head is held still, they can lift the rib cage and assist in breathing (deep neck muscles).

If the trapezius muscle is contracted (causing neck hyperextension)

the sternocleidmastoid muscles would have to stretch

If the sternocleidomastoid muscles (right and left) are contracting (neck flexion),.......

the trapezius muscle would have to stretch

erector spinae would these muscles flex or extend the trunk

this is a collective name for three major muscle groups of the back extend

Which muscle is the prime mover for dorsiflexion of the ankle?

tibialis anterior

Abdominals: which muscle is located deep to the others

transverse abdominis

triceps: soleus + gastrocnemius: Do both of these muscles cause movement at the knee and ankle?

yes

which muscle above allows you to smile

zygomatic muscles, orbicularis oculi

How many facial nerves are there

12

Why is quadriceps called quadriceps?

4 heads

What is the iliotibial tract?

A band of collagen fibers that extends along the lateral surface of the thigh and inserts on the tibia

saddle joint

A saddle joint is a synovial joint where one of the bones forming the joint is shaped like a saddle with the other bone resting on it like a rider on a horse. Saddle joints provide stability to the bones while providing more flexibility than a hinge or gliding joint. thumb joint

Naming muscles: Notice that muscles are named by:

A. location" sternocleidomastoid, infraspinatus, etc. B. shape of the muscle: trapezius, deltoid, etc. C. direction of the muscle fibers: rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, etc. D. number of origins or "heads". biceps femoris, triceps brachii, etc. E. size: gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, etc. F. action: adductor femoris, pronator teres, etc. G. origin and insertion: sternocleidomastoid

Knee Flexion

Hamstrings

Fixator note

The idea of a "fixator" is often difficult to understand. Think about the rotator cuff. The rotator cuff muscles originate on the scapula, a moveable bone. If the contraction of a rotator cuff muscle should move the arm (the insertion), it would be important for the scapula to remain stationary so that the insertion can move towards the origin. That happens through the contraction of fixator muscles that attach to the scapula. The rhomboid muscles, for example, are muscles that help hold the scapula in place during arm movement. Another muscle would be the serratus anterior. or think of a person who is hanging from an exercise bar fully extended in a doorway (feet not on the ground). Hip flexion would be extremely difficult because the hip flexors (rectus femoris, sartorius, gracilis) originate on the pelvis which is no longer stationary. In order to flex the hips, fixator muscles would have to keep the pelvis stationary. What muscles would do that? The abdominal muscles! People who can flex their hips while hanging from an exercise bar have very strong abdominal muscles. The abdominal muscles, in that case, would be fixators for hip flexion.