344 Chapter 6 test reveiw

What is the role of bulk-breaking points in industrial location?

Access to markets, raw material, and skilled labor.

Discuss how the central place theory is related to the location of various services and goods?

Central place is thought of a place where goods and services are made available to consumers. Larger cities offer more and a broader variety of good and services, while smaller cities offer fewer and a smaller variety of goods and services. for example, while there might be a gas station, post office, church, and a grocery store in the vicinity, there might not be a movie theater or a new car dealership. People there would assume correctly that the new car dealership and movie theaters cannot exist in a small town because there are not enough customers close enough in order for these businesses to operate profitably.

Since 1980, how has manufacturing employment changed in the U.S compared to Canada and Japan?

Since 1980 total manufacturing employment in the U.S declined by 23% and in Canada by more than 4%, but in Japan rose by 5%, peaked in Japan in 1994.

What changes occurred in the U.S manufacturing employment in the 1970s? 1980s? 1990s? 2000?

1970s-Worker productivity increased in U.S and Canadian industries since 1970, output per man hour worked rose much more in industrial countries especially Japan. Hourly worker compensation grew faster in the U.S and Canada than in Japan, improving competitive position. 1980- Total manufacturing employment in the U.S declined by 23% and in Canada by more than four percent. 1990- Productivity in U.S grew faster than in Japan and Canada 2000- Annual average percent change in labor productivity was 2.1 % in the U.S compared to 1.7 for japan and 1.4 for Canada.

What percentage of non-farm jobs is now in the service-providing sector?

85%

How has each of the following changed since 1970: the average value of U.S farmland per acre? the value of farm assets.

Average value of U.S farmland per acre- grew more than 3 times between 1970 and 1982, dropped by about a fourth between 1982 and 1987, then rose again by a seventh to pre 1980 levels by the early 1990s and then nearly doubled by 2007. Value of farm assets- Grew nearly two and a half times between 1970 and 1982, only to decline by a fifth within the next four years, before rising again to pre 1980 values in early 1990s and then doubling by 2007.

During the late 20th century, how did each of the following change: bankruptcies? output per hour of livestock? output per hour for crops? use of fertilizer? use of pesticides? mechanization? irrigated acreage?

Bankruptcies-Common in rural America during the 1980s. output per hour of livestock and crops increased due to increase of use of fertilizer, pesticides, mechanization higher yields allowed the net income of farmers to more than triple between 1970s and the mid 1990s 1997-2007 the average value of agricultural products sold per farm rose by nearly 50%

How has the U.S. budget deficit changed since 1980?

Between 1974 and 1986 the deficit rose about 600%, and reduced in 1987 to its lowest level in five years, it began to climb again and exceeded the 1986 high point after 1990 peaking in 1992.

How has the U.S. goods trade balance changed since 1980?

Between 1982, exports of goods exceeded imports by $24-$32 billion each year, but this imbalance then rose 400% in just four years, reaching $152-$153 billion by 1986 and 87. Fell below $100 million in 1991 and 92 for first time in nearly a decade as exports rose faster than imports.

What factors have played a role in the great agricultural productivity of the U.S and Canada?

Capital/technology inputs such as hybrid seeds, herbicides, fertilizers, and even GPS guided tractors.

Give the general areas of the U.S that lead in the production of the following: corn, cattle, dairy, soybeans, hogs, broilers, winter wheat, spring wheat, cotton, turkeys, potatoes, rice.

Corn - Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Minnesota, Indiana, South Dakota. Hogs ( North Carolina) - Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Minnesota, Indiana, North Carolina. Cattle- (great plains) Nebraska, Texas, Kansas, Colorado, Iowa, Oklahoma Dairy- California, Wisconsin, New York, Pennsylvania, Idaho, Minnesota Soybeans- Iowa, illinois, Minnesota, Indiana, Nebraska, ohio, Missouri Broilers- Georgia, Arkansas, North carolina (leading state), Alabama, Mississippi,Texas Winter wheat- Kansas, Montana, Oklahoma, Spring Wheat- Saskatchewan, North Dakota, Alberta, Manitoba, South Dakota, and Montana. Cotton- California, Texas, and states between them, and lower Mississippi River. Turkeys- Minnesota, N.C., Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Virginia Potatoes- Idaho, Washington, Wisconsin, Colorado, Oregon, California Rice- Arkansas, California, Louisiana

What are the top five agricultural products by value in the U.S ?

Corn, Cattle, Dairy, Soybeans, Broilers

Associate the following major agricultural regions of the U.S and Canada with the major physiographic, climatic and soil regions: corn/livestock/soybean belt, dairy belt, spring wheat belt, winter wheat belt, tobacco, cotton, livestock ranching.

Corn/livestock/soybean-Humid continental, long summer climate region of the gently rolling central lowlands, where alfisols and mollisols are most common soil. Glaciation smooth the landscape while laying down fertile deposits of soil. Dairy- North of the Corn belt, around the Great lakes, including Quebec and Ontario. Humid continental, short summer climate of the central lowlands and alfisols and northern Appalachians, where poorer spodosols, rougher terrain and cooler temperatures inhibit productive field cropping. Spring wheat belt- Steppe climate of Great Plains and in Colombia Plateau, where Mollisols are common. Longer colder winters in the northern U.S and Canada. Winter wheat belt- Farther south, Tobacco- Humid Subtropical climate on piedmont and coastal plain sections of southeastern U.S. Cotton- Southern U.S Livestock ranching- Steppe and Desert Climates of the West where Aridisols predominate.

What is the degree of importance of each of the following: Corporate farms? Agribusiness? Foreign ownership of farmland?

Corporate farms- 90% of U.S corporate farms continue to be owned by fewer than ten shareholders, indicating that they represent family controls. Agribusiness- Vertical integration of corporations, Leads to lack of competition and to significant rise in prices of many food items, limited to small number of specialized goods, but already less than ten percent of farmers are producing well over half of all farm sales and the practice of vertical integration within corporate farming could spread. Foreign ownerships of farmland- Increasing, number of acres owned by persons from other countries directly or through U.S corporations, more than doubled since 1980, they still account for only 2% of all farmland. Probably will not be a serious problem for many years.

How has the foreign ownership of the U.S. changed compared to U.S. ownership in other countries since 1979?

Foreign governments now control 25% of U.S debt, compared to just 13% 20 years ago. China, Japan, and oil exporters to the U.S now hold half of that foreign debt.

How has the value of U.S manufactured products changed since 1999?

From 1999 till the economic recession of the late 2010's, the value of manufactured goods continued to grow overall (in constant dollars) but every category of non durable goods except chemicals, declined. Most of the gain for durable goods was accounted for by the computer/ electronics sector and nearly all the remaining increase was from motor vehicles.

Explain the use of the location quotient in measuring the economic base of an area. Distinguish between basic and non-basic goods.

Geographic scale is key consideration for basic and non-basic activities. Products exported outside the U.S and Canada would be basic for each country. Basic-Goods and services that are produced for markets outside the local region or are consumed by outsiders. (they bring in money from outside to the local economy) EX: regional cancer center would attract patients from a long distance and would produce revenue for a local community. Non-basic- Goods and services that are consumed locally (do not generate new money, rather circulate money generated by basic equivalent activities) EX: When a person visits the family doctor or beautician, money spent stays in the community.

What factors have affected manufacturing employment in the U.S?

Higher skilled job, Mechanization, changing consumer preferences, new products, rising value of the dollar, and increased foreign competition.

How have each of the following changed since 1970: agricultural exports as a share of all U.S exports? Agricultural imports as a share of all U.S imports? agricultural exports? agricultural imports? net agricultural trade? the kind of food imports?

In 1970 agriculture accounted for 17% of all exports by value. Between 1970 and 1986 agricultural imports rose steadily, after which they leveled off for a few years while farm exports continued to rise, with the balance increasing from 1$ billion in 1970 to 24$ billion in 1980. All agricultural imports, except sugar rose slowly from 1970-2000, doubled between 2001-2008.

How has the regional location of industry changed in the U.S. and Canada since 1950?

In canada and the US, the regional location of industry has changed since the 1950s. since then, the biggest changes such as the the manufacturing industry has shifted from the rust belt region which includes the states of Illinois, indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania to areas such as California, Florida, and Texas. In Canada the shift such as the manufacturing industry shifted west from the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, to provinces like alberta and British columbia

What role has the export market played in manufacturing in the last 20 years?

Jobs related to exports grew from mid 1980s into early 2000s as value of manufacturing doubled and percent of manufactured goods exported rose from 30% to over 40% of total. Greatest number of jobs in exports were fabricated metals, transportation equipment, computers and electronics, food and machinery. Over a third of all jobs in primary metals and computer/electronics were due to exports. Leading export industries were computers and electronics, transportation equipment, and chemicals.

What types of industries locate largely because of raw materials used? market for the product? skilled labor? cheap labor? major energy requirements?

Manufacturing plants. Early large industrial cities were situated at such bulk breaking points along north atlantic coast, where best access to markets, raw materials, and skilled labor from europe. Urban centers- Along waterways where overland wagon routes intersect them. Raw material- Located source Market for product- Skilled labor-

What countries received the most of U.S agricultural exports in 2008?

Neighboring countries like Canada, Mexico, plus Japan, China, countries of the European Union. Japan and Western Europe are the customers for more than 1 out of every 5 dollars of farm exports from the US

Since 1960, the greatest relative gain in employment was in what sector of the economy?

Non-governmental quinary service

What are the three leading canadian provinces in agriculture? and their main products?

Ontario- Grains, dairy, cattle, hogs, pigs Alberta- Dairy, cattle, hogs, grains Saskatchewan- Grains, cattle

When did manufacturing employment peak and when did exports last exceed imports in the U.S? How has manufacturing employment in Canada changed since 1951?

Peak- 20 million in 1979

How has the location of industry in metro areas shifted since 1980?

Research and development were hallmark of industrial growth, within manufacturing belt route 128 around Boston is considered the leading research and development center.

What is the role of incentives in industrial location?

To attract industries to areas which might not otherwise have been seriously considered.

In the 1990s and 2000s, the major rates of decline were in which industries?

Tobacco products, transportation equipment, and instruments, nondurable goods.

Since 1970, how have each of the following changed: U.S corn and wheat production? U.S share of world production of corn? Wheat? Soybeans? Cotton? Rice? vegetable oils? U.S share of world exports of soybeans? cotton? corn? wheat?

U.S corn and wheat production- Doubled after 1970 before peaking in 1984. Corn production increased by about half between 1990 and 2008. Wheat production declined till 2005, then returned to the level of the early 1990s and 2008. U.S share of world wheat production declined to 11-12% in the 1990s and to 10% by 2008. Its share of world corn production is two-fifths, with less than 20% being exported, but still accounting for two thirds of world exports until 2008 when it dropped to 58%. U.S share of world's production of soybeans, tobacco, rice, cotton, and vegetable oils all dropped significantly. U.S still accounts for over a third of the worlds production of soybeans and nearly a fifth of the cotton. U.S still leading exporter of raw cotton accounting for over one-third of the global trade of soybeans where U.S farmers account for more than two-fifths of world exports.

Give the specific changes in each of the following: U.S farm population, number of U.S farms average size of U.S farms, percentage of U.S farm population supplementing income from off the farm jobs, canadian farm population, number of canadian farms, average size of canadian farms.

U.S farm population- declining by five million between 1970 and 1990. Number of farms- U.S: dropped by a fifth between 1970 and 1990 and increased in 1997 and 2007. CANADA: Declined from 575,000 in 1956 to 230,000 in 2008. Average size- Increased by a hundred acres, or about a third to 440 acres by 2002, and declined in the next five years to 418 acres. CANADA: More than doubled from 301 acres in 1956 to 729 acres in 2006. Percentage of U.S farm population supplementing income from off the farm jobs-

What percent of the U.S population and the Canadian population are employed in the primary sector? The secondary? Services sector?

US primary 2% US secondary 15% US services 83 % Canada Primary 4% Canada Secondary 18% Canada Services 78%