MGMT 351 Test 6

In goal setting theory, goal specificity represents the degree to which ______.

a goal has an unambiguous and clear focus

An implicit leadership schema is defined as ______.

a set of beliefs and assumptions that followers have about effective leaders in general

Initiating structure is defined as all the things leaders do to ______.

accomplish tasks and work-related goals

According to McClelland's theory, the need for ___________ is represented by a strong desire to succeed, to excel, and to perform at high levels.

achievement

Engagement is a motivation concept that refers to the degree to which employees ______.

are willing to invest all of their energies into their roles at work

The extent to which individuals are free to make decisions about the way they do their work is known as ________ in the job characteristics model (JCM).

autonomy

Leader behaviors that demonstrate respect and concern for subordinates' needs and feelings are known as ______.

consideration

Research on the full range of leadership theory suggests that the best leaders emphasize _____.

creating opportunities to challenge and grow their followers and organizations

In the job characteristics model (JCM), the degree to which employees see their work as worthwhile and consistent with their values is known as ______.

experienced meaningfulness

When individuals allocate their attention and energies toward a particular activity with intensity and persistence because of some outcome or consequence other than participating in the activity itself, they are experiencing ___________ motivation

extrinsic

Contingent reward is defined as ______.

getting followers to understand what they need to do and using various rewards so followers accomplish their tasks

Charismatic leadership is defined as ______.

influencing others by charging up their motivation and emotions so they pursue the leader's vision with courage and conviction

The tendency for a leader to avoid making difficult decisions, ignore responsibilities, and not get involved in organizational matters is known as _____ leadership.

laissez-faire

Transactional leadership is defined as ______.

leader behaviors that emphasize the exchange of resources with followers to accomplish routine organizational goals

According to equity theory, negative inequity is characterized as the degree to which ______.

one's relative outcomes compare unfavorably to someone else's

In equity theory, the things one perceives as gained from engaging in an activity are known as ______.

outcomes

The tendency for a leader to wait to fix a discrepancy or error until it becomes a problem is known as ______.

passive management by exception

In equity theory, the degree to which one's relative outcomes compare favorably to someone else's is known as ______.

positive inequity

Leader characteristics are defined as ______.

relatively stable abilities and tendencies of leaders to think, feel, and behave in certain ways

According to goal setting theory, the extent to which a goal has a clear and unambiguous focus is known as goal ______.

specificity

One of the main differences between management and leadership is that management values ______, while leadership is more concerned with ______.

stability; growth

The number of different skills or abilities individuals must use in performing a job is known as skill _________ in the job characteristics model (JCM).

variety

In equity theory, outcomes represent an individual's perceptions about ______.

what they have gained from engaging in an activity

In terms of gender and leadership, studies suggest that ______. (Select all that apply.)

women likely have a slight advantage over men in terms of their ability to be visionary and inspiring as leaders some companies are working to correct inequalities caused by serious prejudice toward women with respect to leadership roles

Which of these are the behaviors that characterize transactional leadership? (Select all that apply.)

- Contingent reward - Passive management by exception - Active management by exception

Manager

- Preventing things from falling into disarray - Keeping an eye on how employees are performing - Allocating funds

According to the job characteristics model (JCM), the motivation potential for a job can be enhanced with five core job characteristics as long as ______. (Select all that apply.)

- workers value opportunities for personal growth - the work context is generally satisfying - individual employees have the requisite job-related knowledge and skills

Which of these correctly lists the three behaviors that characterize transactional leadership?

Contingent reward, active management by exception, passive management by exception

Which of the following is a definition of learning?

The acquisition of knowledge or skills through instruction or experience

Which of the following statements best defines motivation?

The degree to which individuals direct their attention and energy toward a specific task or activity with intensity and persistence

Select the true statements regarding passive and active leader behaviors. (Select all that apply.)

- Research suggests that the best leaders are likely to engage in more active than passive leader behaviors. - Leaders can be expected to engage in both passive and active behaviors as part of their leadership.

Leader

- Strategizing at the organizational level - Helping employees to see how what they do aligns with the organization's vision - Devising a vision for the company

Complete the following sentence with all of the true statements about social learning theory. Social learning theory proposes that ______. (Select all that apply.)

- individuals with higher self-efficacy are more likely to practice observed behaviors - in order to solidify learning, individuals need to engage in or practice the behaviors they observe - individuals can learn by observing others' behaviors and associated consequences

Which statement accurately represents the difference between active and passive leader behaviors?

Active leader behaviors change the status quo; passive leader behaviors maintain it.

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the premise of social learning theory?

People can learn without experiencing reinforcements if they are able to observe others' behaviors and their associated consequences.

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding leader behaviors in the full range of leadership theory?

Research findings have concluded that effective leaders tend to emphasize more active types of behaviors.

Which of the following correctly lists the five core job characteristics in the job characteristics model (JCM)?

Skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback

Which of these is an accurate list of the process theories of motivation?

Skinner's Reinforcement Theory, Locke's Goal Setting Theory, Adams' Equity Theory, and Vroom's Expectancy Theory

Select all the true statements regarding gender and leadership. (Select all that apply.)

Some have used role congruity theory to explain the percentage of women in leadership roles. Men hold most of the high-level leadership roles in politics and in business. Approximately 5% of Fortune 500 CEOs are women.

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the full range of leadership theory?

The most effective leaders emphasize behaviors that propel the organization forward.

Which of the following statements accurately explains the main principle behind the job characteristics model (JCM)?

We can use job conditions to motivate employees by ensuring jobs contain five core job characteristics which serve to elicit three psychological states in employees.

Being vigilant in identifying problems and errors and taking action when these occur is known as ______.

active management by exception

Complete the following sentence with the statement that best defines extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation refers to the allocation of energies and attention toward a particular activity ______.

because of some cue or consequence other than participating in the activity itself

Which of the following needs in Alderfer's ERG theory represent those needs related to material issues such as salary and benefits?

existence

In the expectancy theory of motivation, the belief that an increase in effort will result in an increase in performance is known as ______.

expectancy

According to the job characteristics model (JCM), the degree to which information is available to individuals regarding their work performance represents the core job characteristic of ______.

feedback

Structured programs delivered with the intent of helping leaders or future leaders acquire leadership-relevant knowledge, skills, and competencies represent ______.

formal leadership training

The degree to which there are clear and visible outcomes from an employee's work is known as task _________ in the job characteristics model (JCM).

identity

Beliefs and assumptions that followers have about effective leaders in general are called ______.

implicit leadership schemas

A set of tactics used by individuals to influence how others perceive them is known as ______.

impression management

In equity theory, individuals' perceptions regarding what they have put into an activity are known as ______.

inputs

Relatively stable abilities and tendencies of leaders to think, feel, and behave in certain ways are known as ______.

leader characteristics

Differences develop over time in the quality of relationships that a leader has with followers. This is the primary focus of ______ theory

leader-member exchange

The acquisition of knowledge and skills through instruction or experience is known as ______.

learning

One primary difference between leadership and management is that leadership ______.

may emerge on its own, while management is a formally sanctioned organizational role

According to the job characteristics model (JCM), employees who see their work as worthwhile and consistent with their values have a high level of experienced _____________

meaningfulness

Complete the following sentence with the true statement regarding types of leader behaviors in the full range of leadership theory. Research has concluded that effective leaders tend to emphasize ______.

more active than passive behaviors

The force that reflects the degree to which individuals direct their attention and energy to a specific task or activity is called ______.

motivation

Aspects of the work itself that relate to employees being satisfied or not being satisfied with their work are known as

motivators

Developmental experiences are defined as ______.

on-the-job or job-related experiences that attempt to identify and close gaps in leadership capabilities

Using favorable consequences to encourage desirable behaviors is known as ______.

positive reinforcement

The ability to influence others and to resist the influence of others in return is known as ______.

power

Self-help is defined as ______.

self-initiated and self-directed efforts to enhance leadership-related knowledge and skills

According to the job characteristics model (JCM), the extent to which an individual's work is perceived as important represents the core job characteristic of ______.

task significance

Leadership is defined as ______.

the use of power or influence to engage followers in a full range of activities that serve to accomplish the leader's vision and goals for the work unit (a team, department, or business unit) or organization

Effective leaders tend to engage in very low levels of laissez-faire leadership because ______.

this type of leadership generally represents a lack of leadership

Leader behaviors that motivate followers to reach beyond the ordinary and to strive toward a vision of how things could be are known as ______ leadership.

transformational