MGMT 351 Test 6
In goal setting theory, goal specificity represents the degree to which ______.
a goal has an unambiguous and clear focus
An implicit leadership schema is defined as ______.
a set of beliefs and assumptions that followers have about effective leaders in general
Initiating structure is defined as all the things leaders do to ______.
accomplish tasks and work-related goals
According to McClelland's theory, the need for ___________ is represented by a strong desire to succeed, to excel, and to perform at high levels.
achievement
Engagement is a motivation concept that refers to the degree to which employees ______.
are willing to invest all of their energies into their roles at work
The extent to which individuals are free to make decisions about the way they do their work is known as ________ in the job characteristics model (JCM).
autonomy
Leader behaviors that demonstrate respect and concern for subordinates' needs and feelings are known as ______.
consideration
Research on the full range of leadership theory suggests that the best leaders emphasize _____.
creating opportunities to challenge and grow their followers and organizations
In the job characteristics model (JCM), the degree to which employees see their work as worthwhile and consistent with their values is known as ______.
experienced meaningfulness
When individuals allocate their attention and energies toward a particular activity with intensity and persistence because of some outcome or consequence other than participating in the activity itself, they are experiencing ___________ motivation
extrinsic
Contingent reward is defined as ______.
getting followers to understand what they need to do and using various rewards so followers accomplish their tasks
Charismatic leadership is defined as ______.
influencing others by charging up their motivation and emotions so they pursue the leader's vision with courage and conviction
The tendency for a leader to avoid making difficult decisions, ignore responsibilities, and not get involved in organizational matters is known as _____ leadership.
laissez-faire
Transactional leadership is defined as ______.
leader behaviors that emphasize the exchange of resources with followers to accomplish routine organizational goals
According to equity theory, negative inequity is characterized as the degree to which ______.
one's relative outcomes compare unfavorably to someone else's
In equity theory, the things one perceives as gained from engaging in an activity are known as ______.
outcomes
The tendency for a leader to wait to fix a discrepancy or error until it becomes a problem is known as ______.
passive management by exception
In equity theory, the degree to which one's relative outcomes compare favorably to someone else's is known as ______.
positive inequity
Leader characteristics are defined as ______.
relatively stable abilities and tendencies of leaders to think, feel, and behave in certain ways
According to goal setting theory, the extent to which a goal has a clear and unambiguous focus is known as goal ______.
specificity
One of the main differences between management and leadership is that management values ______, while leadership is more concerned with ______.
stability; growth
The number of different skills or abilities individuals must use in performing a job is known as skill _________ in the job characteristics model (JCM).
variety
In equity theory, outcomes represent an individual's perceptions about ______.
what they have gained from engaging in an activity
In terms of gender and leadership, studies suggest that ______. (Select all that apply.)
women likely have a slight advantage over men in terms of their ability to be visionary and inspiring as leaders some companies are working to correct inequalities caused by serious prejudice toward women with respect to leadership roles
Which of these are the behaviors that characterize transactional leadership? (Select all that apply.)
- Contingent reward - Passive management by exception - Active management by exception
Manager
- Preventing things from falling into disarray - Keeping an eye on how employees are performing - Allocating funds
According to the job characteristics model (JCM), the motivation potential for a job can be enhanced with five core job characteristics as long as ______. (Select all that apply.)
- workers value opportunities for personal growth - the work context is generally satisfying - individual employees have the requisite job-related knowledge and skills
Which of these correctly lists the three behaviors that characterize transactional leadership?
Contingent reward, active management by exception, passive management by exception
Which of the following is a definition of learning?
The acquisition of knowledge or skills through instruction or experience
Which of the following statements best defines motivation?
The degree to which individuals direct their attention and energy toward a specific task or activity with intensity and persistence
Select the true statements regarding passive and active leader behaviors. (Select all that apply.)
- Research suggests that the best leaders are likely to engage in more active than passive leader behaviors. - Leaders can be expected to engage in both passive and active behaviors as part of their leadership.
Leader
- Strategizing at the organizational level - Helping employees to see how what they do aligns with the organization's vision - Devising a vision for the company
Complete the following sentence with all of the true statements about social learning theory. Social learning theory proposes that ______. (Select all that apply.)
- individuals with higher self-efficacy are more likely to practice observed behaviors - in order to solidify learning, individuals need to engage in or practice the behaviors they observe - individuals can learn by observing others' behaviors and associated consequences
Which statement accurately represents the difference between active and passive leader behaviors?
Active leader behaviors change the status quo; passive leader behaviors maintain it.
Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the premise of social learning theory?
People can learn without experiencing reinforcements if they are able to observe others' behaviors and their associated consequences.
Which of the following statements is accurate regarding leader behaviors in the full range of leadership theory?
Research findings have concluded that effective leaders tend to emphasize more active types of behaviors.
Which of the following correctly lists the five core job characteristics in the job characteristics model (JCM)?
Skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback
Which of these is an accurate list of the process theories of motivation?
Skinner's Reinforcement Theory, Locke's Goal Setting Theory, Adams' Equity Theory, and Vroom's Expectancy Theory
Select all the true statements regarding gender and leadership. (Select all that apply.)
Some have used role congruity theory to explain the percentage of women in leadership roles. Men hold most of the high-level leadership roles in politics and in business. Approximately 5% of Fortune 500 CEOs are women.
Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the full range of leadership theory?
The most effective leaders emphasize behaviors that propel the organization forward.
Which of the following statements accurately explains the main principle behind the job characteristics model (JCM)?
We can use job conditions to motivate employees by ensuring jobs contain five core job characteristics which serve to elicit three psychological states in employees.
Being vigilant in identifying problems and errors and taking action when these occur is known as ______.
active management by exception
Complete the following sentence with the statement that best defines extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation refers to the allocation of energies and attention toward a particular activity ______.
because of some cue or consequence other than participating in the activity itself
Which of the following needs in Alderfer's ERG theory represent those needs related to material issues such as salary and benefits?
existence
In the expectancy theory of motivation, the belief that an increase in effort will result in an increase in performance is known as ______.
expectancy
According to the job characteristics model (JCM), the degree to which information is available to individuals regarding their work performance represents the core job characteristic of ______.
feedback
Structured programs delivered with the intent of helping leaders or future leaders acquire leadership-relevant knowledge, skills, and competencies represent ______.
formal leadership training
The degree to which there are clear and visible outcomes from an employee's work is known as task _________ in the job characteristics model (JCM).
identity
Beliefs and assumptions that followers have about effective leaders in general are called ______.
implicit leadership schemas
A set of tactics used by individuals to influence how others perceive them is known as ______.
impression management
In equity theory, individuals' perceptions regarding what they have put into an activity are known as ______.
inputs
Relatively stable abilities and tendencies of leaders to think, feel, and behave in certain ways are known as ______.
leader characteristics
Differences develop over time in the quality of relationships that a leader has with followers. This is the primary focus of ______ theory
leader-member exchange
The acquisition of knowledge and skills through instruction or experience is known as ______.
learning
One primary difference between leadership and management is that leadership ______.
may emerge on its own, while management is a formally sanctioned organizational role
According to the job characteristics model (JCM), employees who see their work as worthwhile and consistent with their values have a high level of experienced _____________
meaningfulness
Complete the following sentence with the true statement regarding types of leader behaviors in the full range of leadership theory. Research has concluded that effective leaders tend to emphasize ______.
more active than passive behaviors
The force that reflects the degree to which individuals direct their attention and energy to a specific task or activity is called ______.
motivation
Aspects of the work itself that relate to employees being satisfied or not being satisfied with their work are known as
motivators
Developmental experiences are defined as ______.
on-the-job or job-related experiences that attempt to identify and close gaps in leadership capabilities
Using favorable consequences to encourage desirable behaviors is known as ______.
positive reinforcement
The ability to influence others and to resist the influence of others in return is known as ______.
power
Self-help is defined as ______.
self-initiated and self-directed efforts to enhance leadership-related knowledge and skills
According to the job characteristics model (JCM), the extent to which an individual's work is perceived as important represents the core job characteristic of ______.
task significance
Leadership is defined as ______.
the use of power or influence to engage followers in a full range of activities that serve to accomplish the leader's vision and goals for the work unit (a team, department, or business unit) or organization
Effective leaders tend to engage in very low levels of laissez-faire leadership because ______.
this type of leadership generally represents a lack of leadership
Leader behaviors that motivate followers to reach beyond the ordinary and to strive toward a vision of how things could be are known as ______ leadership.
transformational