Chapter 11 Quiz Psychology
Bertha Pappenheim, who was referred to by the pseudonym _____ _
Anna O.
He argued that personality develops over our entire life, not only in the first few years.
B.F. Skinner
____ proposed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns because we have developed certain response tendencies
B.F. Skinner
__________ believed that environment was solely responsible for all behavior, including the enduring, consistent behavior patterns studied by personality theorists.
B.F. Skinner
______'s key contribution to learning theory was the idea that much learning is vicarious.
Bandura
_____ do not believe in biological determinism
Behaviorists
_____ view personality as significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.
Behaviorists
The girls conflict in this phallic stage
Electra complex
In 1780, _____ ____, a German physician, proposed that the distances between bumps on the skull reveal a person's personality traits, character, and mental abilities
Franz Gall
_____ and his followers was the dominant theory of personality for the first half of the 20th century.
Freud
_____ attracted many followers who modified his ideas to create new theories about personality.
Freud
_____ believed we develop via a series of stages during childhood
Freud
______ was the first to systematically study and theorize the workings of the unconscious mind in the manner that we associate with modern psychology.
Freud
we sometimes say things that we don't intend to say by unintentionally substituting another word for the one we meant. This is called the
Freudian slip
______ built on Hippocrates's theory, suggesting that both diseases and personality differences could be explained by imbalances in the humors and that each person exhibits one of the four temperaments.
Galen
______ theorized that personality traits and human behaviors are based on four separate temperaments associated with four fluids ("humors") of the body
Hippocrates
____ ____agreed with Galen that everyone could be sorted into one of the four temperaments and that there was no overlap between the four categories
Immanuel Kant
Galen's theory was prevalent for over 1,000 years and continued to be popular through the ____ ______.
Middle Ages
_________ generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but they reduced the emphasis on sex and focused more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality.
Non-Freudians
Failure to resolve the ____ _____ may result in fixation and development of a personality that might be described as vain and overly ambitious
Oedipus complex
involving a boy's desire for his mother and his urge to replace his father who is seen as a rival for the mother's attention
Oedipus complex
if a memory is too overwhelming to deal with, it might be _______and thus removed from conscious awareness
Repressed
____ _____ psychodynamic perspective of personality was the first comprehensive theory of personality
Sigmund Freud
Despite the fact the Freud never met Anna O., her story served as the basis for the 1895 book, ______ __ ______
Studies on Hysteria
______ suggested that a better description of personality could be achieved using two major axes: emotional/nonemotional and changeable/unchangeable.
Wundt
A person fixated in the ____ ____ personality is messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.
anal-expulsive
A person with a(n) ______-_____ personality would be considered a perfectionist
anal-retentive
Freud believed that feelings of _____ result from the ego's inability to mediate the conflict between the id and superego.
anxiety
_____ refers to anything that we do that may be rewarded or punished.
behavior
During repression, anxiety-caused memories from conciousness are _______.
blocked
A boy stuck in Oedipus complex is afraid his father will punish him for his feelings, so he experiences ____ _____.
castration anxiety
The second axis divided the _______ temperaments (choleric and sanguine) from the _______ ones (melancholic and phlegmatic)
changeable; unchangeable
_____ temperament (yellow bile from the liver)
choleric
______ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold
choleric
linguists today have found that slips of the tongue tend to occur when we are tired, nervous, or not at our optimal level of ______ functioning
cognitive
____ ____refer to all characteristics previously learned, including beliefs, expectations, and personality characteristics.
cognitive processes
the id and superego are in constant ____
conflict
only about one-tenth of our mind is _____
conscious
Freud believed that the ego seeks to restore balance through various protective measures known as _____ _____
defense mechanisms
Breuer _______ with Freud, which soon ended their work together.
disagreed
The ____ helps the id satisfy its desires in a realistic way.
ego
The _____ is the rational part of our personality
ego
the _____ is the part of our personality that is seen by others
ego
the _____'s job is to balance the demands of the id and superego in the context of reality; thus, it operates on what Freud called the "reality principle."
ego
Anna O. had been caring for her dying _____ when she began to experience symptoms such as partial paralysis, headaches, blurred vision, amnesia, and hallucinations
father
Parents who are ____ in toilet training can cause a child to become fixated at the anal stage, leading to the development of an anal-retentive personality.
harsh
a person who has a strong ego has a ____ personality
healthy
a person who is dominated by their ___ might be narcissistic and impulsive.
id
unconscious __ contains our most primitive drives or urges, and is present from birth
id
Which phallic period is not considered one of the stages?
latency
Sigmund Frued was a ____ ____ not a psychologist
medical doctor
______ person is reserved, anxious, and unhappy
melancholic
________ temperament (black bile from the kidneys)
melancholic
Given that sex was a taboo topic, Freud assumed that ______ ______ states (neuroses) stemmed from suppression of unconscious sexual and aggressive urges.
negative emotional
imbalances in the body system can lead to
neurosis
Bandura felt that this type of learning also plays a part in the development of our personality
observational
We can see the principles of reciprocal determinism at work in _______ _____.
observational learning
an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the _____ stage of her psychosexual development
oral
In the ancient world, a ______ was a mask worn by an actor.
persona
personality comes from the Latin word ______
persona
______ factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate
personal
refers to the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways
personality
he theatrical mask was originally used to either represent or project a specific _____ _____of a character
personality trait
______ person is calm, reliable, and thoughtful
phlegmatic
________ temperament (white phlegm from the lungs)
phlegmatic
Freud believed that the id operates on what he called the "_____ ______," in which the id seeks immediate gratification.
pleasure principle
Parents who offer praise and rewards encourage positive results and can help children feel competent.
positive
Freud believe the the overuse of defense mechanisms may be ____
problematic
In _____, a person refuses to acknowledge her own unconscious feelings and instead sees those feelings in someone else.
projection
phrenology was very popular; however, it was soon discredited for lack of empirical support and has long been relegated to the status of ______.
pseudoscience
if the superego is weak or absent, a person might become a _____.
psychopath
In each _______ stage of development the child's pleasure-seeking urges, coming from the id, are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone
psychosexual
An example of _____ _____, Joe made fun of a homosexual peer while himself being attracted to males.
reaction formation
_______ _______ in which someone expresses feelings, thoughts, and behaviors opposite to their inclinations
reaction formation
_____ _____ is the cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact, each factor influencing and being influenced by the others simultaneously
reciprocal determinism
An example of, ______ a four-year-old child who resents the arrival of a newborn sibling may act like a baby and revert to drinking out of a bottle.
regression
In ______, an individual acts much younger than their age
regression
Freud spent 2 years (1880-1882) treating Anna O. and discovered that allowing her to talk about her experiences seemed to bring some _____ of her symptoms.
relief
unacceptable urges and desires are kept in our unconscious through a process called ______.
repression
_______ person is joyful, eager, and optimistic
sanguine
_______ temperament (red blood from the heart)
sanguine
According to Freud, unconscious drives influenced by ____ and _____, along with childhood sexuality, are the forces that influence our personality
sex; aggression
Freud concluded that hysteria was the result of _____ _____ in childhood and that these traumatic experiences had been hidden from consciousness
sexual abuse
Freud suggested that slips of the tongue are actually _____ or ______ urges, accidentally slipping out of our unconscious.
sexual; aggressive
measuring these distances revealed the ____ ___ __ _____ areas underneath
sizes of the brain
emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality.
social-cognitive theory
The first axis separated _____ from _____ emotions (the melancholic and choleric temperaments from the phlegmatic and sanguine).
strong; weak
A person with a dominant _____ might be controlled by feelings of guilt and deny themselves even socially acceptable pleasures
superego
An overly dominant ______ might be seen in an over-controlled individual whose rational grasp on reality is so strong that they are unaware of their emotional needs, or, in a neurotic who is overly defensive
superego
The ______ develops as a child interacts with others, learning the social rules for right and wrong.
superego
the _____ tells us how we should behave
superego
Anna O. called his treatment the "____ _____"
talking cure
According to Frued, we are ____ use defense mechanisms.
unaware
When we use defense mechanisms, we are _____ that we are using them.
unaware
Our ________ refers to that mental activity of which we are unaware and are unable to access
unconscious
the individual's ______ mind uses ego defense mechanisms, unconscious protective behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety.
unconscious
Presented a social-cognitive theory
Albert Bandura
____ proposed the concept of reciprocal determinism
Albert Bandura
______ _____ agreed with Skinner that personality develops through learning but also disagreed with skinners strict approach
Albert Bandura
