Chapter 11 Social Psychology

Which of the following neurotransmitters and neurohormones are associated with prosocial behavior?

serotonin dopamine oxytocin

A(n) ________ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any individual differences.

stereotype

The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations is referred to as ______.

the fundamental attribution error

The physical attractiveness of an individual delivering a message can affect how persuasive the message is. True false question.

true

Aggression is social behavior _____.

whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally.

___________ refers to social behavior whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally.

Aggression

Which of the following personality traits is most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors?

Agreeableness

________ is giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself.

Altruism

Which of the following summarizes the evolutionary psychology explanation of altruistic behavior?

Altruism is more likely to occur among family members, because helping a relative also means promoting the survival of the family's genes.

Which of the following describes the false consensus effect?

An overestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way we do

Which of the following is an example of the fundamental attribution error?

Antonio almost hit you with his car in the parking lot because he's a jerk, not because he couldn't see around a blind corner.

Which is the term in social psychology for the opinions and beliefs we have about people, things, and ideas?

Attitudes

_____ theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.

Attribution

Which of the following are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?

Change the attitude causing the dissonance. Change the behavior causing the dissonance.

Modifying attitudes, rationalizing attitudes, and/or changing behavior are all ways to reduce what?

Cognitive dissonance

The insula and anterior cingulate cortex are associated with the experience of which of the following?

Cognitive dissonance

What is the term for the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes?

Cognitive dissonance

_____ involves giving to another person for personal gain, such as to feel good or avoid guilt.

Egoism

_____ is a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person.

Empathy

________ can produce altruistic behavior even toward members of rival groups.

Empathy

According to several studies on physical attractiveness, which of the following faces did participants rate as most attractive?

Faces that were an average (composite) of several other faces

Lee is certain that everyone in her class holds the same political beliefs that she does, in spite of the fact that she doesn't really know her classmates. This is an example of the ________ _______ effect.

False consensus

When research participants were in a room filling with smoke, they were less likely to get help if they were alone than if another bystander was present.

False. No, participants were more likely to get help if they were alone. When more people were present, they were less likely to get help. This is the bystander effect.

In a study on physical attractiveness, researchers found that participants rated individual faces as more attractive than faces that were created by averaging up to 32 other faces.

False. Participants rated the averaged composite faces as more attractive than the individual faces.

When research participants were in a room filling with smoke, they were less likely to get help if they were alone than if another bystander was present.

False. Participants were more likely to get help if they were alone. When more people were present, they are less likely to get help.

What does the frustration-aggression hypothesis state?

Frustration always leads to aggression.

_______ refers to a tendency to explain behavior in terms of personalities, rather than the solution

Fundamental attribution error

Altruism is which of the following?

Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

What is the term for a cognitive shortcut that enables us to make decisions rapidly?

Heuristic

Which of the following are NOT associated with aggression?

High levels of introversion

Which of the following is a method to help people avoid persuasion?

Inoculation

Which of the following areas of the brain are associated with cognitive dissonance?

Insula Anterior cingulate cortex

How long did it take participants in one research study to form an impression of an unfamiliar face?

Less then a second

Which of the following personality traits are associated with aggression?

Low levels of agreeableness Low levels of conscientiousness Coldness toward others

Which of the following has been linked to aggressive behavior?

Lower levels of serotonin

Maura is getting ready for work. Which circumstance is LEAST likely to result in her behaving aggressively toward her colleagues and customers?

Maura has her favorite kind of omelet for breakfast.

The _______ learning approach to aggression emphasizes that social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive.

Observational

____ refers to directly harming another person, whether physically or verbally.

Overt aggression

What would a social psychologist be most likely to study?

Personal attitudes and the perception of others

Greater volume in which of the following brain areas is positively associated with agreeableness?

Posterior cingulate cortex

_____ refers to activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors.

Relational aggression

_______________ ____________________ is the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves.

Self - Esteem

_____ is the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves.

Self-esteem

What is the term for expectations about a future event or behavior that act to increase the likelihood that the event or behavior will occur?

Self-fulfilling prophecies

_____ comparison is the process in which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.

Social

______ ______ is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.

Social Cognition

______ threat is a person's fast-acting, self-fulfilling of being judged base on a negative stereotype about their group.

Stereotype

The hormone related to aggression is which of the following?

Testosterone

_________ is the male hormone related to aggression.

Testosterone

Which of the following are types of heuristics in social information processing?

The false consensus effect Stereotypes

Person perception is which of the following?

The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

What is the definition of social psychology?

The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people

Attribution theory is which of the following?

The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others

Social cognition is which of the following?

The way in which individuals think in social situations

A person who experience stereotype _______ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group.

Threat

High levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin and oxytocin are related to prosocial behavior.

True

When are attitudes most likely to guide behavior?

When a person is very aware of their own attitudes. When a person has strong attitudes. When a person rehearses and practices their strong attitudes.

Which of the following is a circumstance in which researchers would NOT expect attitudes to guide behavior?

When the person's attitudes recently changed

The limbic system and the frontal lobes are the brain structures related to the social behavior known as ________.

aggression

The limbic system and the frontal lobes are the brain structures related to which of the following?

aggression

The personality trait of _______ is most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors.

agreeableness

In the field of social psychology, the term _____ describes an opinion or perspective that someone has towards a person, a behavior, a belief or a concept.

attitudes

Researchers who take a _____ viewpoint examine the influence of genetics and neurobiological factors on aggression.

biological

Researchers who take a(n) ________ viewpoint examine the influence of genetics and neurobiological factors on aggression.

biological

Social _____ is the process in which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.

comparison

Cognitive ___ is the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts.

dissonance

Giving aid to another person to ensure reciprocity is called __________.

egoism

A key social emotion in altruism is _____, a person's feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another.

empathy

The ___________ perspective of reciprocity is that it serves to secure the survival of the family's genes, even if the helped individual is not actually family.

evolution

Elaina complained to her best friend that she lost the spelling bee because the judges were unfair and gave her all of the harder words to spell. Elaina is attributing her performance in the spelling bee to a(n) _____ cause.

external

One theory of aggression suggests that ____ (the reaction to the thwarting or blocking of goals) produces anger, leading to a readiness to display ____.

frustration; aggression

The _______ attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation.

fundamental

The genetic basis for aggression states that ________ are important in understanding the biological basis of aggression.

genes

The role of _____ in aggression is most easily seen in nonhuman animals and the process of selective breeding.

genes

Egoism is which of the following?

giving to another person to ensure reciprocity

Helping others consistently leads to increased _______ mood.

good

Communicators who are physically and socially attractive produce _____ attitude change compared to those who are less attractive.

greater

In so-called cultures of ________, a man's reputation is thought to be an essential aspect of his (and his family's) economic survival. Such cultures may foster aggressive behavior.

honor

in one study, just a 100-millisecond exposure was long enough for participants to form a(n) _____ of the unfamiliar individual

impression

Resisting persuasion can be done by _____ people with a weak version of a persuasive message.

inoculating

Matt sees a painting that Ben painted and says that the painting is good because Ben is a talented artist. Matt is attributing Ben's work on the painting.to a(n) _____ cause.

internal

When we feel compassion for another person's suffering, areas of the midbrain associated with the perception of _____ are activated.

pain

The murder of Kitty Genovese inspired researchers to examine whether ________.

people are less likely to help if other people are present

Person ______ refers to the process by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

perception

Greater volume in the ________ ________ cortex is positively associated with agreeableness

posterior cingulate

Helping others strongly and consistently leads to increased ______ mood.

postive

Anything that makes us think aggressive thoughts could be associated with aggression. The concept from cognitive psychology is _________ anything that makes something salient to a person.

priming

Based on the results of research in psychology, which of the following individuals is the LEAST likely to express aggression in the given situation?

samantha had to sit in an air-conditioned waiting room for 20 min

If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. What does this illustrate?

self-fulfilling prophecy

In Milgram's classic obedience study, what percentage of participants eventually used the highest setting on the shock generator -- 450 volts -- to shock the learner?

65%

What is the definition of conformity?

A change in behavior brought about by following the standards of others

Which of the following features was NOT one that participants were accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips? 1) A person's sexual orientation 2) A person's artistic ability 3) A person's propensity for violence 4) A person's romantic interest in the participant

A person's artistic ability

Which of the following features were participants accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching a brief video clips?

A person's romantic interest in the participant. A person's sexual orientation. A person's propensity for violence.

________ love is also called companionate love, and it occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another.

Affectionate

Prejudice is which of the following?

An unjustified negative attitude or a positive attitude toward an individual based on his or her group membership

Which psychologist carried out the classic experiment on conformity?

Asch

In Solomon Asch's experiment in which participants sat in a group and compared the length of lines, the conclusion showed that the pressure to _______ is strong.

Conform

________ is a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people.

Conformity

_____ occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes a sense of personal responsibility.

Deindividuation

A negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because they are a member of that group is called ________.

Discrimination

Which of the following research methods do social psychologists use most often?

Experimental Methods

_________ racism is a person's conscious and openly shared prejudicial attitudes.

Explicit

In the résumé study, if a résumé had a name like Tamika, Darnell, or Kareem, it was more likely to result in a callback than if the résumé had a name like Meredith, Emily, or Brad.

False. The résumé study illustrated a bias against stereotypically Black names, not a bias in favor of them.

Which of the following is an example of mere exposure?

Finding a person attractive because you bump into him or her frequently

_____ racism refers to prejudicial attitudes that exist on a deeper, unconscious level.

Implicit

What is the Implicit Associations Test (IAT) designed to assess?

Implicit racism

In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that school segregation, in which Whites and Blacks attended separate schools, was unconstitutional. This illustrates which strategy to diminish the effects of prejudice and discrimination?

Increasing contact between majority and minority groups

________ cultures value personal accomplishments and emphasize uniqueness, and have been associated with lower levels of conformity.

Individualistic

When several students are assigned to do a group presentation, only three of the four actually do the required work. A social psychologist would refer to this as social __________.

Loafing

The _______ ______ effect means that the more we encounter someone (or something), the more likely we are to start liking the person or thing.

Mere exposure

The famous study examining obedience to an experimenter, conducted by _________ (last name), raised serious ethical concerns and would not likely be approved under today's ethical guidelines.

Milgram

Which classic study in psychology raised serious ethical concerns?

Milgram's obedience study

Miko has just transferred to a new high school and starts to dress and act like the popular students there because she wants them to like her. This is an example of ______ social influence.

Normative

_______ social influence is the influence that other people have on us because we want them to like and approve of us.

Normative

Which approach to aggression emphasizes the environmental conditions that teach individuals to be aggressive?

Observational learning

What type of love is a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal?

Passionate

_____ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.

Persuasion

________ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.

Persuasion

_________ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.

Persuasion

_________ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on his or her group membership.

Prejudice

Which of the following are cognitive factors linked to aggression?

Presence of a weapon Observing others engaging in aggression

When considering the factors of attraction identified in the text, there is physical closeness, otherwise known as ________. There is also acquaintance, and _________.

Proximity, Similarity

________ love is also called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and infatuation.

Romantic

Researchers sent out résumés responding to job ads in two major cities. Which of the following accurately describes the results of the study?

Résumés with stereotypically white names got significantly more callbacks than identical résumés with stereotypically Black names.

Which of the following are factors that contribute to attraction?

Similarity Proximity Acquaintance

_________ identity is a way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.

Social

_____ states that the way we define ourselves in terms of our group memberships is a crucial part of self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves.

Social identity theory

Kitty Genovese's murder inspired research on people's likelihood of helping a person in distress.

True

Many experts insist that TV violence can prompt aggressive or antisocial behavior in children.

True

Social psychologists tend to use experimental methods more often than descriptive methods.

True

__________'s Stanford prison experiment concluded that situational factors and social roles powerfully affect human behavior.

Zimbardo

In "smoke-filled room" studies, smoke billowed from a vent in a room. If the research participant in the room was _______, they were more likely to get help quickly. If the participant was _______, they were likely to either take much longer to get help or not get help at all.

alone, or with another bystander

________ cultures value the group; therefore, they have been associated with greater levels of conformity.

collectivistic

What type of love occurs later in a relationship and is characterized by the strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved?

companionate love

A(n) _____ is purposely placed in a study by the experimenter in order to manipulate the situation the participants must engage in.

confederate

In Asch's famous research study, participants agreed with people making an incorrect choice in a line length judgment task. This study is a classic study of _____.

conformity

Risky shift occurs when a(n) _________ is riskier when made by a group than by an individual.

decision

Research consistently has shown that increasing the amount of interaction between people can ________ (increase or decrease) negative stereotyping.

decrease

The term _________ is used to describe a process that occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility. One explanation for this is that being a group member gives us anonymity.

deindividuation

Social identity theory suggests that we can engage in stereotyping by focusing on how our in-groups and out-groups are _____ rather than how they are _____.

different; similar

Social identity theory suggests that we can engage in stereotyping by focusing on how our in-groups and out-groups are _________ rather than how they are __________.

different; similar

According to the social _______ theory, the objective of relationships is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.

exchange

Social _____ is when an individual's performance improves in the presence of others.

facilitation

Social __________ occurs when an individual's performance improves due to the presence of others.

facilitation

Risky shift occurs when _____.

group decisions tend to be riskier than decisions made by an individual

_____ is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view.

group-think

_____ is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view.

groupthink

The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct is referred to as _____.

informational social influence

In so-called cultures of honor, a man's reputation _____.

is an essential aspect of his (and his family's) economic survival

According to the social exchange theory, the objective of relationships is to _____.

minimize costs and maximize benefits

When participants' brains were scanned as they judged pictures of people, the brain responded to judgments that were different from the group judgments as if they were ________.

mistakes

Aggression, like other social behaviors, has _____ determinant(s).

multiple

The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us is _____.

normative social influence

Milgram's classic study involving teachers, learners, and electric shocks was designed to examine the power of _____.

obedience

Hitting, punching, and kicking are examples of _______ aggression.

overt

Zimbardo explained that when an authority figure removes _______ responsibility, true evil can emerge.

personal

The dorsomedial _______ cortex is involved in first impression formation.

prefrontal

A confederate is _____.

purposely placed in a study by the experimenter in order to manipulate the situation the participants must engage in

Social loafing occurs when an individual exerts less effort in a group because of the ________ (increased/reduced) accountability for individual effort.

reduced

When participants' brains were scanned as they judged pictures of people, the brain responded to judgments that were different from group judgments by experiencing less activation in the brain's ____________ centers.

reinforcement

When someone is asked to identify themselves and they answer with religious or ethnic group affiliations, they are stating their _____ identity.

social

_________ _______ theory states that how we define ourselves in terms of our group memberships is a crucial part of self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves.

social identity

Pam's new friend is a librarian so Pam assumes that she is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. Pam's thinking on this describes

stereotype