Chapter 11 Study Guide

If given the multiple alleles, AaBbCc for hair color, what gametes could possibly be produced? AND what is the rule to determine this?

2 nth power, so there will be 8 choices.

Explain the principle of segregation in relation to meiosis.

A parent may have two distinct alleles for a certain gene, each on one copy of a given chromosome. Mendel's second law, the law of segregation, states that these two alleles will be separated from each other during meiosis.

Why is there no interphase 2 in meiosis?

Cells are already replicated in formed into chromosomes.

Explain the relationship between codominance and incomplete dominance.

Codominance is A condition in which both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed, with neither one being dominant or recessive to the other. Incomplete dominance Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele.

Describe the relationship between self-pollination, cross pollination, anther and stigma.

Cross pollination is when the pollen from an anther of one plant is transferred to a stigma flower on another plant Self-Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to the stigma of the same flower or to the stigma of another flower on the same plant.

Explain the principle of dominance and recessiveness in relation to traits.

Dominate traits take over more recessive traits. Dominate traits are are represented by a big D and recessive is represented by a little b.

During what stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

G1 phase

Explain the relationship between gametes, homozygous, and heterozygous.

Gametes are sex cells, homozygous is having two identical alleles for a particular gene, and heterozygous is having two different alleles for a particular gene.

How are inheritance and heredity linked?

Heredity refers to the genetic transmission of traits from parents to offspring. ... These conditions are usually inherited in one of several straightforward patterns, including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive, codominant, and mitochondrial inheritance patterns.

How does crossing over create genetic diversity?

In prophase I of meiosis I when homologous chromosomes exchange parts of the chromatids

Explain the relationship between genes, alleles and Loci.

Individuals who have two copies of the same allele are said to be homozygous at that locus. Individuals who receive different alleles from each parent are said to be heterozygous at that locus. The alleles an individual has at a locus is called a genotype. The genotype of an organism is often expressed using letters.

What would be the benefits to cross-pollinating plants?

Insider and outsider gives you the whole picture. Two researcher w/ diff methods may get similar results which enhances the results. Provides further dimensions, findings will contribute to policy.

What is the benefit of self-pollination plants?

Liability is limited to the amount of the initial investment

What type of cellular division does question #16 deal with.

Meiosis

Explain the principle of independent assortment in relation to meiosis.

Meiosis divides the chromosomes into groups of four. Each allele for one trait has a 50% chance of being passed on. But the two alleles combined make four different options, which makes the chances for these being passed on 25%.

What do the following prefixes mean: meta, pro, ana, and telo. This will help you to remember the location of DNA throughout the different phases of the cell cycle.

Metaphase, prophase, anaphase, and telophase.

Explain the relationship between P,F1, F2 generations.

P stands for parental. F1 is the first generation while F2 is the second generation.

How are punnett squares and probability related.

Punnett squares can be used to predict and compare the genetic variations that will result from a cross.

What is a gene map?

Shows the location of a gene on a chromosome

Explain the relationship between homologous chromosomes and tetrads.

The first stage of meiosis is called prophase I, and this is when the tetrad forms. The two homologous chromosomes will align next to each other. But, since each is made up of two sister chromatids it will look like a group of four.

Describe the difference between an organism's genotype and phenotype.

The genotype is the set of genes in our DNA which is responsible for a particular trait. The phenotype is the physical expression, or characteristics, of that trait.

Explain the difference between a monohybrid and a dihybrid cross.

The inheritance of single characters and dihybrid cross is the inheritance of 2 different characters.

Explain the difference between haploid and diploid.

The main difference between haploid and diploid cells is the number of chromosome sets found in the nucleus.

When would it be beneficial to preform a test cross?

When heating a substance

Your blood type is determined by what type of alleles?

antigens present

What are polygenic traits?

height, skin color, and eye color all have many genes