Chapter 11 Study Review

What is unusual about the females of Wolbachia species?

"makes you a women"

What disease does Chlamydia and Chlamydophila cause?

Chlamydia trachomitis cause eye infections and STD's. Chlamydophila causes a typical "walking pneumonia"

Give the biochemical and morphological xteristic of disease-causing Streptococcus species.

Cocci that grow in chains of varying lengths. Streptococcus species inhabit the oral cavity as part of the normal microbiota Some are pathogens like S.pyogenes which cause pharyngitis (strep throat) and other diseases. Unlike the streptococci that inhabit the throat, S.pyogenes are Beta-hemolytic, an important characteristic used to distinguish it from most members of the normal microbiota

The earliest oxygenic phototrophs are thought to be?

Cyanobacteria

List the medically important members of the family Enterobacteriaccae.

E.coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus Salmonella enterica Serotypes enteridis Typhi Shigella Yersinina pestis Haemophilus influenza ad ducreyi Legionella pneumophila Pseudomonas aeruginosa

What are chlorosomes & which organisms have them?

by cyobacterium strectomycis. produce geormin, gives water heavy taste

What are chemotrophs and how are they different from phototrophs?

chemotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donor in their environments. They are different in the sense that these molecules can be either organic (chemoorganotrophs) or inorganic (chemolithotrophs)

Anoxygenic phototrophs grow photosynthetically only under aerobic conditions.

false

Obligate aerobes may transform energy via fermentation.

false

Neisseria gonorrhea

gonorrhea

Describe the protective role that lactobacilli play as a normal flora of the vagina.

it prevents infection by contributing the acidity of the vagina by breaking down glycogen, creating an acidic environment.

Which organism causes Hansen's disease (leprosy)?

mycobacterium leprae

Klebsiella pneumonia

pneumonia

What is geosmin and which two organisms produce it?

produce by cyanobacteria, streptomysis give water its earthy taste

Endospores of Bacillus stearothermophilus are used in testing autoclave operation.

true

Streptomycus produce a number of antibiotics like Streptomycin, Erythtomycin, Tetracycline.

true

What is the difference between facultative and obligate organisms?

A facultative organism makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent. An obligate organism cannot make ATP in the abscence of oxygen and die in the presence of oxygen.

What is the staining method used for Mycobacteria & Nocardia species?

Acid- fast stain

What are the differences between anaerobic and aerobic chemolithotroph?

Anaerobic chemolithotrophs oxidize hydrogen gas using CO2 as a terminal electron acceptor while Aerobic chemolithotrophs oxidize sulfir compounds as energy sources and use O2 as a terminal electron acceptor.

What organisms produce the following: hydrogen sulfide and methane?

Anaerobic chemoorganotrophs, more specifically, the sulfur - and sulfate- reducing bacteria

What are coliforms?

Enteric bacteria that characteristically ferment lactose are included in a group called coliforms. This is an informal grouping of certain common intestinal inhabitants such as E. coli that are easy to detect in food and water; for years regulatory agencies have considered them to be an indicator of fecal pollution

What are trichomes?

Filamentous cellular associations that may or may not be enclosed within a sheath. Motile trichomes glide as a unit.

Which two bacterial genera may form endospores?

Genus Bacillus Genus Clostridium

What is important Propionibacterium and to what prokaryotic group does it belong?

Gram - positive pleomorhic rods that produce propionic acid as their major end-product. Propionibacterium are responsible for the nutty flavor and holes in swiss cheese caused by CO2. They belong to anereobic chemoorganotrophs that ferment

What are the characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

It is medically the most significant species. It is a common opportunistic pathogen, meaning that it primarily infects people who have underlying medical conditions. Unfortunately, it can grow in nutrient-poor environments, such as water used in respirators, and is resistant to many disinfectants and antimicrobial medications. Because of this, hospitals must be diligent to prevent it from infecting patients. Use oxidase to differentiate, non ferementers

What is the source and mode of acquisition of Coxiella burnetti & the disease it causes?

It is spread by tick bites and it causes Q fever

Define anoxygenic phototrophs and the role they play in the environment.

It is the use of hydrogen sulfide or organic compounds (not water) as a source of their electrons for reducing power to make NADPH and therefore do not generate oxygen. They have unique type of chlorophyll called bacteriochlorophyll that absorb wavelengths that penetrates deeper than those for chlorophyll and are not used by other photosynthetic organims.

What are Lactic acid bacteria; give examples and what makes them important?

Lactic acid Bacteria : Gram-positive bacteria that produce lactic acid as major end product of fermentation. Examples: Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, and Leuconstoc. They are important to prevent spoilage in foods.

What causes "walking pneumonia" and why is penicillin not effective for this organism?

M. pneumoniae

List the Mycobacterium species that cause disease in human.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprawe

Which organism typically produces colonies with fried egg morphology?

Mycoplasma species

Complex structures called fruiting bodies are a characteristic of which organism?

Myxobacteria

Identify organisms that produce dormant structures that allow them to withstand extreme weather conditions?

Myxobacteria, which produce dormant microcysts, or Bacillus and Clostridium, bacteria that form endospores

What are heterocysts and which species of Cyanobacteria uses it?

Nitrogenecis stored sensitive to prescence of oxygen Heterocysts - specialized thick walled cells that lack photosystem II and cannot make O2

It has been estimated that 99% of the intestinal tract bacteria are?

OBLIGATE ANEOROBES

Which organism (s) is/are obligate intracellular parasites?

Rickettsia, Orientia, Ehrlichia, Coxiella, Chlamydia, and Wolbachia

What are chlorosomes and in which organism are they found?

The accessory pigments of the green sulfur bacteria are located in structures called chlorosomes

What is nitrogenase?

The enzyme complex that mediates the procell of nitrogen fixation, is destroyed by 02 therefore, nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria must protect the enzyme from the Oxygen Gas generated.

What is important scientifically and commercially about Thermus and Deinococcus?

Thermus: Have an usual cell walls that stains gram-negative. They are thermophilic; and this trait has been proven to be extremely valuable because of their heat-stable enzymes which is an integral part of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Deinococcus: This species is unique in their extraordinary resistance to radiation. One type can survive exposure to a dose several thousand times that lethal to a human being. Dose shatter genome into many fragments, yet bacterial enzymes are able to repair damaged DNA

What is common and different between Clostridium, Lactobacillus, and Propionibacterium?

They are all gram positive rods anaerobes that grow in the absense of oxygen Involved in fermentation They oxidize organic compounds and use organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors. Members of the clostridium species: ferment a variety of compounds including sugars and cellulose. Members of the Lactobacillus species: important in the production of fermented foods. Members of the propionibacterium species: produce propionic acid as their primary fermentation end product.

What do purple sulfur bacteria and filamentous sulfur-oxidizers both have in common?

They both accumulate sulfate at intracellular granules

What is important about Acidithiobacillus and bioleaching?

They obtain energy by oxidizing elemental sulfur and reduced sulfur compounds. Oxygen gas is their terminal electron acceptor, which generates sulfuric acid. These bacteria are important in the sulfur cycle. insolubulize insoluble metals causes acid rain or runoff

Why are Cyanobacteria important to the planet?

They play an essential role as primary producers in the biosphere. They harvest sunlight to convert CO2 into organic compounds. They help limit atmospheric carbon dioxide buildup by utilizing the gas as a carbon source. They incorporate N2 and CO2 into organic material, they generate a form of these nutrients that can then be used by other organisms

Which of the following best matches the description: a. diarrhea b. tetanus c. gonorrhea d. pneumonia e. typhoid fever Escherichia coli

a. diarrhea

What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic chemo-organotrophs?

aerobic - use oxygen, often use sulgur or sulfate as terminal electron acceptor

Define: chemolithotrophs, obligate aerobes & chemoorganotrophs

Chemolithotrophs - oxidiza reduced inorganic materials such as H2 to obtain energy. They use carbon dioxide or sulfur as terminal electron acceptors. Obligate aerobes - Obtain energy using respiration exclusively: none can ferment. Chemoorganotrophs - they can either undergo respiration or fermentation. Those that undergo respiration oxidize organic compounds such as glucose to obtain energy and use either sulfur or sulfate as terminal electron acceptors. Those that undergo fermentation can only obtain energy by fermentation

What disease does Helicobacter pylori & Mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?

H. pylori causes duodenal ulcers and stomach cancer, while M. pneumoniae is responsible for causing pneumonia, often called walking pneumonia.

What is bacteriochlorophyll and in which organisms are they found?

chlorophylls used by bacteria found in anoxygenic phototrophs

Clostridium tetani

tetanus

What disease does Treponema and Borrelia species cause?

treponema - syphyllis Borrelia - relaxing fever, lice T. pallidum cause syphilis

Describe purple sulfur, purple non-sulfur and green sulfur bacteria.

purple sulfur produce sulfur inside and take outside folding of cytoplasmic membrane in order to increase the area of light capture photosynthetic activity takes place in the cytoplasma folding called cristae. green sulfur bacteria outside to inside * anoxygenic phototrophs live in environment deprived of oxygen do photosynthesis don't use oxygen as the thermal electron acceptor

What is important about Rickettsia, Orientia, and Ehrlichia?

they remain inside the phagocytic vacuoleand prevent expression of receptors on the phagosome that are necessary for the fusion with the lysosome.

Bacteria and Archaea both have members that use sulfur compounds as a terminal electron acceptor.

true

Chlamydia occurs in two forms, a non-infectious reticulate body and an infectious elementary body

true

The most medically relevant species of Pseudomonas is P. aeruginosa.

true

The skin and oral cavity may have aneorobic microenvironments.

true

Salmonella typhi

typhoid fever