Chapter 12

Water

The largest % of body weight comes from what mineral?

Cation

positively charged ion

Osteoporosis

disease in which bones become fragile and porous due to loss of minerals.

Renin

enzyme released by kidneys that activates angiotensin for fluid balance.

Intracellular fluid

fluid inside cell, such as cytoplasm.

Extracellular fluid

fluid outside cell, such as plasma and interstitial.

Carbonic acid

forms when carbon dioxide combines with water and helps regulate pH balance.

Bicarbonate

forms when carbonic acid dissociates and helps regulate pH balance by buffering acids; also in pancreatic juice.

Hypertension

The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent what?

Angiotensin

blood hormone activated by renin for vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure.

Hydroxyapatite

a calcium and phosphate rich crystalline structure of bone and teeth.

Aldosterone

adrenal gland hormone that stimulates that reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys and also regulates chloride and potassium.

Binders

chemicals in food that combine with nutrients, like minerals, to form complexes that body cannot absorb.

Dehydration

condition where water output exceeds water intake; causes thirst, rapid heartbeat and low blood pressure.

Minerals

inorganic elements that retain chemical identity in body.

pH

measure of solution's acidity and alkalinity; low number is more acidic/high number is more basic.

Osmosis

movement of water across membranes toward side with more concentrated solutes; creates a pressure difference.

Anion

negatively charged ion

Parathyroid hormone

parathyroid gland hormone that helps regulate calcium balance when levels are too low in blood.

Antidiuretic hormone

pituitary hormone that stimulates retention of water by kidneys for homeostasis of body fluids.

Electrolytes

salts that dissolve in water and dissociate into charged particles called ions.

Calcitonin

thyroid hormone that helps regulate calcium balance when levels are too high in blood.

Oral rehydration

therapy to treat dehydration caused by diarrhea with simple sugar, salt and water solution taken by mouth.