Chapter 12 microbiology

An enzyme found in tears and saliva that breaks down bacterial peptidoglycan is _____________ .

: lysozyme

How is an acidic pH maintained in the vagina? Multiple choice question. Secretion of hydrochloric acid Action of normal biota Excessive activity of sebaceous glands

Action of normal biota

TRUE OR FALSE The first line of defense includes a number of true immune responses.

FALSE

Which of the following is part of the body's second line of defense? Multiple choice question. Skin Fever Intestinal enzymes

Fever

Which type of host defense is not part of the third line of defense? Multiple choice question. antibodies B cells T cells inflammation

Inflammation

Multiple Choice Question Which term refers to bean-shaped organs in clusters situated along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels? Multiple choice question. Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Macronuclear phagocyte system

Lymph nodes

Which term refers to a group of leukocytes that include B cells, Natural Killer T cells, and T cells? Multiple choice question. Basophils Lymphocytes Mast cells Eosinophils Neutrophils Erythrocytes

Lymphocytes

Which of the following are NOT cutaneous barriers? Multiple select question. Intestinal villi Skin glands Meninges Hair follicles

Meninges Intestinal villi

A collection of monocytes and macrophages scattered throughout the extracellular spaces that functions to engulf and degrade foreign molecules is called the ____________ __________________ system (MPS).

Mononuclear Phagocyte

Which type(s) of cells normally trigger an immune response? Multiple choice question. Self cells Nonself cells Both self and nonself cells

Nonself cells

_____ are markers that many different kinds of microbes have in common. Multiple choice question. Mesenchymal stem cell markers (MSCs) Antibodies Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

In which vacuole does a phagocyte initially enclose foreign material? Multiple choice question. Phagosome Lysosome Phagolysosome

Phagosome

Which body site contains hydrochloric acid that inhibits many microbes? Multiple choice question. Skin Lymph node Spleen Stomach Intestine

Stomach

Select all the correct options from the cell types that are produced in the red bone marrow. Multiple select question. T-lymphocyte precursors spleen cells heart muscle cells thymus cells B-lymphocyte precursors red blood cells

T-lymphocyte precursors B-lymphocyte precursors red blood cells

TRUE OR FALSE In phagocytosis, the phagosome forms prior to the phagolysosome.

TRUE

Which host defense competes with pathogens for space, nutrients, or by altering pH? Multiple choice question. Antibody-producing cells The microbiome Tissue macrophages

The microbiome

Surface antigens are Blank______. Multiple choice question. a set of macromolecules on the cell surface a display of antibodies on the cell surface structures that sweep particles out of the respiratory system the third line of defense

a set of macromolecules on the cell surface

Generalized lymph node enlargement may indicate Blank______. Multiple choice question. a localized infection an allergic reaction a systemic illness an autoimmune disease

a systemic illness

Generalized lymph node enlargement may indicate Blank______. Multiple choice question. a systemic illness an allergic reaction a localized infection an autoimmune disease

a systemic illness

Each cell has a unique mix of macromolecules on its surface that can be detected as foreign by the immune system. These macromolecules are called Blank______. Multiple choice question. antibodies sugars platelets antigens

antigens

Semen contains Blank______ compounds that inhibit bacteria. Multiple choice question. antimicrobial antitoxin antihistamine

antimicrobial

When the immune system fails to recognize cells of the body as self, the consequence can be a(n) __________ disease in which the body's own tissues and organs are targeted.

autoimmune

Commensal microbes that compete with pathogens for space and nutrients are called resident ___________ .

biota

Immunology encompasses all of the features of the body's second and third lines of defense, as well as: Multiple select question. parasitology. pharmacology. virology. cancer biology. allergy.

cancer biology. allergy.

Multiple Choice Question Protein-rich fluid that builds up in the extracellular spaces during inflammation is called Blank______. Multiple choice question. pus plasma edema exudate

exudate

Autoimmune diseases result from Blank______. Multiple choice question. the immune system attacking nonself cells failure of the immune system to recognize self untreated fevers failure of the body's first line of defense

failure of the immune system to recognize self

Which of the following is NOT a trigger for inflammation? Multiple choice question. Immune response Infection Tissue injury Fever

fever

Defecation and vomiting are considered to be components of the _______ line of defense.

first

Which lines of host defense are nonspecific? More than one answer may be correct. Multiple select question. second line first line third line

first and second lines

The production of blood cells is called Blank______. Multiple choice question. hemostasis hematopoiesis hemolysis homeostasis

hematopoiesis

e field of inquiry devoted to the study of all features of the body's second and third lines of defense is called_____ .

immunology

he study of all features of the body's second and third lines of defense is Blank______. Multiple choice question. hematology immunology lymphology microbiology

immunology

Which of the following are not specific immune responses? More than one answer may be correct. Multiple select question. inflammation maturation of B and T cells production of antibodies skin acting as a barrier against infection phagocytosis of bacteria by white blood cells

inflammation skin acting as a barrier against infection phagocytosis of bacteria by white blood cells

Multiple Select Question Select all that apply Which of the following processes are components of the second line of defense? Multiple select question. Inflammation Antimicrobial products Apoptosis Phagocytosis Fever Antibodies Sneezing

inflammation, antimicrobial products, phagocytosis, and fever.

In the process of phagocytosis, the step after chemotaxis is Blank______. Multiple choice question. excretion destruction ingestion phagolysosome formation

ingestion

Inflammation may be triggered by the immune response or by ___________________ due to tissue infection or tissue injury.

injury

An internal system of protective cells, fluids, and processes, including inflammation and phagocytosis, is the_______ line of defense.

innate/ 2ND

A plasma-like liquid that moves in and out of tissues, but does not contain red blood cell, is called _________ fluid.

interstitial

Select all the correct options from the following that inhibit the growth of microbes on the skin? Multiple select question. bile hydrochloric acid lactic acid electrolytes

lactic acid electrolytes

Select all the correct options from the following that inhibit the growth of microbes on the skin? Multiple select question. lactic acid bile electrolytes hydrochloric acid

lactic acid electrolytes

All white blood cells are called

leukocytes

Red bone marrow is found in the internal matrix of Blank______. Multiple choice question. all bones except vertebra long bones all bones all bones except the skull

long bones

The activity of normal biota in the vagina maintain a protective _________ pH.

low

e fluid that is carried by the lymphatic circulation is called Blank______. Multiple choice question. synovial fluid intracellular fluid plasma lymph

lymph

Bean-shaped organs in clusters situated along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels are __________ _____________.

lymph nodes.

A compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized accessory organs that renders surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials is the Blank______ system. Multiple choice question. endocrine lymphatic respiratory nervous digestive

lymphatic

The spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and GALT are all components of the ___________ system.

lymphatic

The goal of the third line of defense is to make cells called that are specficially adapted to each individual invader.

lymphocytes

he group of leukocytes that includes B cells and T cells is the ___________

lymphocytes

The 3 main types of phagocytes are _______________ ,_________ , and dendritic cells.

macrophages, and neutrophils

Which is not a main responsibility of the immune system? Multiple choice question. maintenance of normal flora surveillance of the body recognition of foreign material destruction of pathogens

maintenance of normal flora

All organs and tissues contain a network of fibers and macrophages called the Blank______ system. Multiple choice question. gastrointestinal lymphatic mononuclear phagocyte immune nervous

mononuclear phagocyte

Where are cervical lymph nodes located? Multiple choice question. Armpit Groin Chest Neck

neck

The first and second lines of host defense are Blank______ protections.

nonspecific

Both the first and second lines of defense represent innate or_______ immunity, while the third line of defense represents acquired or _______ immunity.

nonspecific, specific

Select all the correct options from the following materials that are not transported by lymphatic fluid? Multiple select question. infectious agents normal microbiota oxygen and CO2 white blood cells cellular debris clotting factors

normal microbiota oxygen and CO2 clotting factors

Which of the following are not specific immune responses? More than one answer may be correct.

phagocytosis of bacteria by white blood cells, inflammation, skin acting as a barrier against infection.

The phagocyte initially encloses ingested materials in a vacuole called a(n) ______ .

phagosome

Nonspecific host defense mechanisms include chemical barriers and ________________ barriers.

physical

Which term refers to a whitish mass of cells, liquefied cellular debris, and bacteria? Multiple choice question. Cytokines Edema Pus Pyrogens

pus

Which sign of inflammation is caused by increased circulation and vasodilation? Multiple choice question. dolor (pain) tumor (swelling) rubor (redness)

redness

An internal system of protective cells, fluids, and processes that includes inflammation and phagocytosis is called the Blank______ line of defense. Multiple choice question. third first second fourth

second

White blood cells do not normally recognize or respond to cells/molecules that are classified as .________

self

Because it lacks clotting factors, the blood component ________ is often used in immune testing and therapy,

serum

The clear fluid from clotted blood is called Blank______. Multiple choice question. buffy coat serum formed elements plasma

serum

Which of the following is more often used in immune testing and therapy? Multiple choice question. serum plasma

serum

he clear fluid from clotted blood is known as _______

serum

A host barrier with an acidic pH and high fatty acid content that is inhibitory to many microbes is the .

skin

As an extern_ protective barrier that is highly impervious and waterproof, human ________ provides significant protection from microbes.

skin

High concentrations of lactic acid and electrolytes are inhibitory to many microbes on the _____

skin

hich host barrier offers protection against microorganisms due to the presence of sebum, which has a high fatty acid content and acidic pH? Multiple choice question. Mucous membranes Skin Hair and nails

skin

Considering the processes of nonspecific and specific immunity, the third line of defense provides immunity.

specific

Which describes the third line of host defense? Multiple choice question. nonspecific immunity neither nonspecific nor specific immunity both nonspecific and specific immunity specific immunity

specific immunity

In order to remove pathogens and worn-out red blood cells, the _________ filters blood, but not lymph.

spleen

The pluripotent, undifferentiated cells of the bone marrow that can give rise to any type of blood cell are called ________ cells.

stem

he pluripotent, undifferentiated cells in the bone marrow that give rise to the formed elements are called Blank______ cells. Multiple choice question. dendritic plasma stem helper mast

stem

A substance that is inhibitory to many microbes is the hydrochloric acid present in a human host's .

stomach

Generalized lymph node enlargement may indicate the presence of a(n)________ illness, while enlargement of an individual lymph node may be evidence of a _________ infection.

systemic, localized

he hydrolytic enzyme lysozyme is found in Blank______ and Blank______. Multiple select question. lymph tears saliva blood

tear and saliva

Microbes are flushed from the eye's surface by the flow of .

tears

The flow of Blank______ flushes microbes from the eyes. Multiple choice question. saliva urine sebum tears

tears

Under the influence of hormones, naive T-cells that have migrated to the Blank______ develop specificity and are released into circulation as mature T cells. Multiple choice question. spleen GALT thymus thyroid

thymus

Naive T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow and migrate to the ________ complete their maturation.

thymus.

Which sign of inflammation is caused by increased fluid in tissues?

tumor (swelling)

Where is the spleen located? Multiple choice question. lower right abdomen upper left abdomen lower left abdomen

upper left abdomen

Leukocytes are _______ blood cells.

white

Leukocytes are Blank______. Multiple choice question. platelets white blood cells red blood cells

white blood cells

Select all the correct options from the following materials that are transported by lymphatic fluid. Multiple select question. white blood cells normal microbiota clotting factors cellular debris oxygen and CO2 infectious agents

white blood cells cellular debris infectious agents

The liquid substance that moves through the arteries, veins, and capillaries is called Blank______. Multiple choice question. lymph fluid formed elements blood plasma whole blood

whole blood

he liquid connective tissue consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma is called Blank______. Multiple choice question. blood plasma formed elements whole blood lymph fluid

whole blood

kin, the protective layer that surrounds the body, is composed of Blank______ cells that have become compacted, cemented together, and impregnated with Blank______. Multiple choice question. phagocytic cells, hydrochloric acid dendritic, keratin epithelial, lymph epithelial, keratin

epithelial, keratin

The Blank______ lymph nodes are located in the neck region. Multiple choice question. auxiliary inguinal axillary cervical

cervical

Select all the correct options from the following that represent nonspecific host defenses. Multiple select question. chemical barriers physical barriers antibody production

chemical barriers physical barriers

A chemical substance produced by white blood cells and tissue cells that regulates development, inflammation, and immunity is called a Blank______. Multiple choice question. growth factor tissue factor cytokine hormone

cytokine

A regulatory chemical released by cells of the immune system that serves as signal between different cells is a(n) .

cytokine.

Select all the correct options regarding the main responsibilities of the immune system. Multiple select question. regulation of fluid balance transportation of oxygen to tissues destruction of foreign entities such as pathogens recognition of foreign material surveillance of the body

destruction of foreign entities such as pathogens, recognition of foreign material, and surveillance of the body.

The transmigration of white blood cells across capillary walls into deeper tissues is called Blank______. Multiple choice question. differentiation margination diapedesis chemotaxis phagocytosis

diapedesis