Chapter 12: Modern Leadership Approaches

Studies have generally found that compared to out-group members, in-group members a. complain more because they have access to the leader. b. tend to have higher levels of performance and satisfaction. c. are responsible for nearly all new product developments. d. make more ethical decisions. e. are absent more often, but get more work done when they attend.

Tend to have higher levels of performance and satisfaction

Which of the following attributes is NOT culturally contingent? a. Risk taking b. Sensitive c. Evasive d. Cunning e. Egocentric

Egocentric

__________ leadership refers to the demonstration of morally upright conduct through personal actions and interpersonal relationships, and the promotion of such conduct to followers. a. Transformational b. Charismatic c. Strategic d. Transactional e. Ethical

Ethical

Which attribute is considered positive in some cultures but not in others? a. Evasive b. Ruthless c. Honest d. Dependable e. Egocentric

Evasive

All of the following are associated with transactional leaders EXCEPT a. assigning work. b. executing change. c. evaluating performance. d. making decisions. e. overseeing routine work.

Executing change

Situations with implicit plans and goals and a malleable reward structure require a __________ degree of leadership. a. nonexistent b. low c. moderate d. high e. variable

High

Which of the following can act as a leadership neutralizer? a. High intergroup conflict b. High intragroup conflict c. High group cohesiveness d. Low group cohesiveness e. Ambiguous project parameters

High group cohesiveness

A tendency to exhibit modesty and sensitivity is associated with which type of leadership, according to Project GLOBE? a. Participative b. Self-protective c. Humane-oriented d. Team-oriented e. Autonomous

Humane-oriented

According to the LMX model, the leader's _________ is a small group of trusted subordinates given more autonomy and responsibility than others. a. in-group b. out-group c. vertical dyad d. task force e. elite group

In-group

According to the leader-member exchange model, subordinates in the __________ are likely to be privy to sensitive information.

In-group

Which of the following does NOT describe a behavior of charismatic leaders? a. Envisioning future trends and patterns b. Setting high expectations for themselves and for others c. Modeling behaviors consistent with meeting expectations d. Initiating structured tasks and making assignments e. Demonstrating personal excitement

Initiating structured tasks and making assignments

A transactional leader is careful to assign work and evaluate performance

True

According to the leader-member exchange model (LMX) of leadership, the in-group of subordinates may receive more responsibility and autonomy.

True

Charismatic leaders enable others by supporting them, empathizing with them, and expressing confidence in them.

True

Following recent high-profile corporate scandals, high standards of ethical conduct are considered a prerequisite for effective leadership.

True

In the Hersey and Blanchard model of leadership, when subordinate readiness is low, the leader should use a "telling" style.

True

Leadership substitutes are individual, task, and organizational characteristics that tend to outweigh the leader's ability to affect subordinates' satisfaction and performance.

True

Managers of virtual organizations have to work harder to create and maintain relationships with their employees, compared to managers who have regular face-to-face contact with employees.

True

Many leaders today are expected to manage people by becoming more of a coach to employees.

True

Mentors strive to help less-experienced people learn the ropes and better prepare to advance within an organization.

True

Research has not provided leaders with a thorough and definitive guide to lead effectively in the virtual world.

True

Taking over a leadership role from a prior charismatic leader can be extremely challenging.

True

The leader-member exchange model (LMX) of leadership stresses the importance of the relationships between supervisors and subordinates.

True

The path-goal theory has undergone major refinements over the years.

True

Training, motivation, and professionalism are among the characteristics that may substitute for leadership.

True

A leader who achieves a superior alignment between the organization and the environment is known as a a. virtual leader. b. natural leader. c. charismatic leader. d. structural leader. e. strategic leader.

Strategic leader

Which type of leadership entails the ability to understand the complexities of both the organization and its environment so as to maintain a superior alignment between them? a. Transformational leadership b. Charismatic leadership c. Strategic leadership d. Transactional leadership e. Virtual leadership

Strategic leadership

Which of the following elements has Fiedler added to the Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) theory to describe situational favorableness? a. Charisma b. Stress c. Familiarity d. Authority e. Leader-member relations

Stress

The leader-member exchange model (LMX) a. is based on subordinate contributions and leader inducements. b. clarifies the role of communication in the leadership process. c. stresses the importance of variable relationships between supervisors and their subordinates. d. confirms the dual-structure of task and relationship behaviors by leaders. e. illustrates the situational nature of leadership, particularly in service firms.

Stresses the importance of variable relationships between supervisors and their subordinates

Leadership __________ are individual, task, and organizational characteristics that tend to outweigh the leader's ability to affect subordinate's satisfaction and performance.

Substitutes

According to Project GLOBE, which style of leadership emphasizes creating a sense of common purpose and includes being collaborative, diplomatic, and administratively competent?a. Participative b. Self-protective c. Humane-oriented d. Team-oriented e. Autonomous

Team-oriented

Task characteristics that may substitute for leader behavior include all of the following EXCEPT a. frequent feedback. b. intrinsic satisfaction. c. routine. d. a high degree of structure. e. tediousness.

Tediousness

Manny is a manager whose subordinates have low readiness. According to the Hersey and Blanchard model of leadership, Manny should use which of the following styles? a. Telling b. Selling c. Participating d. Delegating e. Situational

Telling

Which leadership style of the Hersey and Blanchard model entails providing direction and defining roles? a. Telling b. Selling c. Participating d. Delegating e. Situational

Telling

Each superior-subordinate pair in the leader-member exchange model is referred to as a __________.

Vertical dyad

Which concept explores how managers lead through various distance technologies? a. Transformational leadership b. Charismatic leadership c. Strategic leadership d. Transactional leadership e. Virtual leadership

Virtual leadership

Which of the following explains patterns of leadership styles typically found among leaders? a. Men tend to be less supportive. b. Women tend to be less aggressive. c. Women tend to be more task focused. d. Women face more resistance from stereotyping. e. Men tend to have stronger interpersonal skills.

Women face more resistance from stereotyping

Which of the following may help explain the pattern of differences between men and women leaders? a. Men tend to be more supportive. b. Women tend to be more controlling. c. Men tend to be more task focused. d. Women tend to rely on their own judgment. e. Women tend to have stronger interpersonal skills.

Women tend to have stronger interpersonal skills

In the wake of recent corporate scandals, the behaviors of top leaders a. have lost much of their impact. b. are now matters of public record. c. are being scrutinized more closely than ever. d. have become synonymous with greed. e. have become almost forgotten history.

Are being scrutinized more closely than ever

According to Project GLOBE, which type of leadership refers to being independent, individualist, and unique? a. Participative b. Self-protective c. Humane-oriented d. Team-oriented e. Autonomous

Autonomous

The attribution perspective holds that leadership behaviors stay constant in varying workplace contexts.

False

The new role expected of leaders today is to be more of transactional leader, rather than a coach.

False

Transformational leadership focuses heavily on keeping the status quo.

False

Which of the following reflects differences in leadership style between men and women? a. Male leaders are more controlling. b. Male leaders are more task focused. c. Female leaders are more democratic in making decisions. d. Female leaders are more nurturing. e. There are virtually no differences between male and female leaders.

Female leaders are more democratic in making decisions

According to Hersey and Blanchard, what does appropriate leader behavior depend on? a. Follower personality b. Follower loyalty c. Follower readiness d. Organizational budgets e. Intragroup conflict

Follower readiness

Charismatic leadership may create which of the following ethical concerns? a. New employees are shunned until they demonstrate allegiance to the leader. b. Decision making is slowed because of a constant focus on the future. c. Greater concern is given to employees than to customers. d. Profit levels rise to immoral levels. e. Followers engage in inappropriate behaviors because of blind faith in the leader.

Followers engage in inappropriate behaviors because of blind faith in the leader.

As a coach, the organizational leader would perform all of the following as formal functions of the coaching role EXCEPT a. help select team members. b. provide some general direction. c. gain an understanding of the values of their young workers. d. help train and develop team members. e. help the team get information and other resources it may need.

Gain an understanding of their young workers

Each of the following is associated with transformational leaders EXCEPT a. recognizing a need for change. b. creating a vision to guide change. c. having tremendous influence. d. managing routine work. e. executing change.

Managing routine work

When a charismatic leader steps down, which of the following challenges will his or her successor likely face? a. Raising profit levels from an all-time low b. Recruiting workers who left under the prior leader c. Measuring up to the legacy of the prior leader d. Setting a vision for the organization e. Eliminating the "loose" management culture left behind

Measuring up to the legacy of the prior leader

___________ seem to be more autocratic when they make decisions.

Men

Amanda often helps new employees learn the ropes and prepare to advance within the organization. Amanda is filling which role? a. Monitor b. Instructor c. Intrapreneur d. Mentor e. Accelerator

Mentor

__________ are people who help less-experienced employees learn the ropes and become better prepared to advance within the organization.

Mentors

Research suggests that male leaders are, on average, ____________ than female leaders. a. more charismatic b. less nurturing c. more nurturing d. less autocratic e. more autocratic

More autocratic

How many leadership styles does the Hersey and Blanchard model describe? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6

4

Gary was a relatively new and inexperienced leader assigned to an experienced work group with long-standing performance norms and strong group cohesiveness. The norms and cohesiveness of the group were so strong that nothing Gary did to change things had much effect. This situation is known as a. an in-group/out-group dichotomy. b. a poor leader-member exchange. c. a strategic quandary. d. a leadership substitute. e. a leadership neutralizer.

A leadership neutralizer

Carlos is a leader who has led his company by closely evaluating performance. Carlos can be best described as a. a charismatic leader. b. a transactional leader. c. a transformational leader. d. an industrial/organizational leader. e. a strategic leader.

A transactional leader

In the leader-member exchange model (LMX), each superior-subordinate pair is referred to as a. a matched set. b. an out-group. c. a linking mechanism. d. a vertical dyad. e. an in-group.

A vertical dyad

How has path-goal theory been refined over the years? a. The basis of the theory was changed from expectancy theory to equity theory. b. The theory was revised as a decision-making theory. c. Additional forms of leader behavior were included. d. The theory was combined with goal-setting theory. e. A software version of the model was made available to managers.

Additional forms of leader behavior were included.

Substitutes for leadership can come from which of the following? a. Subordinates b. The organization c. The task d. All of these are correct. e. None of these are correct.

All of these are correct a. Subordinates b. The organization c. The task

The difference between leadership substitutes and leadership neutralizers is that substitutes make leadership _________, whereas neutralizers make leadership impossible. a. easier b. harder c. challenging d. unnecessary e. ineffective

Challenging

If a Japanese firm were to send an executive to head up the firm's operations in the United States, the executive would likely need to a. focus more on collective benefits than individual benefits. b. train U.S. employees to behave more like Japanese employees. c. replace male senior managers with females. d. develop a new theory of cross-cultural leadership. e. change his or her leadership style.

Change his or her leadership style

Which of the following traits forms the basis of Robert House's theory of leadership? a. Job-centered behavior b. Employee-centered behavior c. Initiating structure d. Consideration e. Charisma

Charisma

___________ is a form of interpersonal attraction that inspires support and acceptance.

Charisma

Which leadership style is characterized by firm self-confidence? a. Transformational b. Charismatic c. Transactional d. Delegating e. Attributive

Charismatic

Which of the following best describes the new role of leaders in organizations? a. Decision maker b. Monitor c. Supervisor d. Director e. Coach

Coach

In the Hersey and Blanchard model of leadership, when leaders are faced with highly ready followers, they should rely on __________.

Delegating

Moira is a manager whose subordinates have high readiness. According to the Hersey and Blanchard model of leadership, Moira should use which of the following styles? a. Telling b. Selling c. Participating d. Delegating e. Situational

Delegating

Which leadership style of the Hersey and Blanchard model entails allowing followers to work independently with little or no overseeing? a. Telling b. Selling c. Participating d. Delegating e. Situational

Delegating

Which attribute is seen as universally negative across a wide range of cultures? a. Dictatorial b. Sensitive c. Evasive d. Cunning e. Risk taking

Dictatorial

Which of the following is NOT a good "netiquette" tip for managers? a. Be careful not to disseminate confidential information. b. Never use email if the message if highly complex or technical. c. Do not CC or BCC anyone when using email to discuss employee performance. d. Never use email to fire anyone or deliver any type of bad news. e. Do not rely on email so much that you forgo personal contact.

Do not CC or BCC anyone when using email to discuss employee performance

Characteristics of the organization that may substitute for leadership include all of the following EXCEPT a. rules and procedures. b. physical distance between supervisor and employee. c. rigid reward structure. d. plans and goals. e. experienced workforce.

Experienced workforce

According to the leader-member exchange model (LMX) of leadership, the out-group of subordinates may receive special privileges.

False

Activities of transactional leadership are similar to those of charismatic leadership.

False

Charismatic leaders are always ethical leaders of large organizations

False

Female leaders tend to be more nurturing and supportive than male leaders.

False

Herb Kelleher, Mary Kay Ash, and Steve Jobs are examples of transactional leaders.

False

Male leaders are typically harsher, controlling, and task focused than female leaders.

False

Most leadership research has been conducted on samples or case studies involving members of minority groups.

False

Over the years, the path-goal theory of leadership has been abandoned in favor of more transactional approaches to leadership.

False

Strategic leadership may be seen as an extension of the transactional leadership role.

False

The central premise of the leadership substitutes perspective is that a. leader behaviors may be irrelevant in some situations. b. anyone can be a leader with proper training. c. effective leaders replace the need for rigid rules and policies. d. non-leaders can fill in for leaders, but only temporarily. e. performing the leadership role requires replacing management activities with leadership activities.

Leader behaviors may be irrelevant in some situations

The _________ model of leadership stresses the importance of variable relationships between supervisors and their subordinates.

Leader-member exchange

The in-group/out-group dichotomy is central to which model of leadership? a. Hersey and Blanchard b. Leader-member exchange c. Vroom's decision tree d. Least-preferred coworker e. Attribution theory

Leader-member exchange

What term refers to factors that make leadership impossible? a. Situational characteristics b. Leadership exacerbators c. Leadership diminishers d. Leadership neutralizers e. Leadership substitutes

Leadership neutralizers

Leadership characteristics that can facilitate performance regardless of whether or not a leader is present are called a. leadership transformations. b. leadership attributions. c. leadership by strategy. d. leadership substitutes. e. leadership through charisma.

Leadership substitutes

Strategic leadership includes all of the following EXCEPT a. leading change. b. understanding the organization. c. understanding the organization's environment. d. maintaining a superior alignment of the organization and the environment. e. maintaining ethical leadership.

Maintaining ethical leadership

Some leadership theories are less applicable in today's diverse workforce due to which of the following? a. Most past leadership research involved only white males. b. Past leadership theories have been shown to lead to discrimination. c. Leaders today work in a less educated workforce. d. Current civil rights laws require the development of modern theories and practices. e. Researchers have moved away from studying leaders and are now studying followers.

Most past leadership research involved only white males

A union contract that prohibits a supervisor from giving workers incentives for higher performance is an example of a leadership a. substitute. b. neutralizer. c. diminisher. d. exacerbator. e. equalizer.

Neutralizer

Individual characteristics that may render leader behavior unnecessary include all of the following EXCEPT a. experience. b. training. c. norms. d. professionalism. e. motivation.

Norms

According to the LMX model, the leader's _________ receives less of the supervisor's time and attention, is more likely to be assigned mundane tasks, is not be "in the loop" when information is shared, and receives fewer rewards and overall weaker support from the leader. a. in-group b. out-group c. vertical dyad d. task force e. elite group

Out-group

Leaders who are coaches differ from leaders who are a. overseers. b. effective. c. ineffective. d. participative. e. strategic.

Overseers

Michelle is a manager whose subordinates have moderate-to-high readiness. According to the Hersey and Blanchard model of leadership, Michelle should use which of the following styles? a. Telling b. Selling c. Participating d. Delegating e. Situational

Participating

Which leadership style of the Hersey and Blanchard model allows followers to share in decision making? a. Telling b. Selling c. Participating d. Delegating e. Situational

Participating

According to Project GLOBE, which category of leadership behavior refers to the extent to which leaders are nonautocratic and involve others in making decisions? a. Participative b. Self-protective c. Humane-oriented d. Team-oriented e. Autonomous

Participative

Jenelle is Ruby's supervisor. Ruby often knows things Jenelle's other subordinates don't, and she gets the lion's share of special, more autonomous duties. According to the LMX model, which of the following is also likely to be true? a. Ruby is part of Jenelle's out-group. b. Ruby works fewer hours than Jenelle's other subordinates do. c. Ruby works longer hours than Jenelle's other subordinates do. d. Ruby gets less support from Jenelle than Jenelle's other subordinates do. e. Ruby gets more support from Jenelle than Jenelle's other subordinates do.

Ruby gets more support from Jenelle than Jenelle's other subordinates do.

According to Project GLOBE, which type of leadership includes behaviors intending to ensure the safety and security of the leader and the group? a. Participative b. Self-protective c. Humane-oriented d. Team-oriented e. Autonomous

Self-protective

Svetlana is self-centered and status-conscious, and she won't hesitate to induce conflict in order to save face. According to Project GLOBE, which style of leadership does Svetlana exhibit? a. Participative b. Self-protective c. Humane-oriented d. Team-oriented e. Autonomous

Self-protective

Michael is a manager whose subordinates have moderate readiness. According to the Hersey and Blanchard model of leadership, Michael should use which of the following styles? a. Telling b. Selling c. Participating d. Delegating e. Situational

Selling

Which leadership style of the Hersey and Blanchard model entails offering direction and role definition accompanied by explanation and information? a. Telling b. Selling c. Participating d. Delegating e. Situational

Selling

How does a supervisor initiate in-group or out-group relationships with subordinates? a. The decision may be based on personal compatibility and subordinate competence. b. Assignment into a group is based on the results of the supervisor's least-preferred coworker scale. c. Subordinates are allowed to move freely between the in-group and out-group. d. Newer employees comprise the in-group until they learn their jobs, at which point they transfer to the out- group. e. The relationships develop in a random, unpredictable fashion.

The decision may be based on personal compatibility and subordinate competence.

In LMX theory, what ultimately determines whether the follower becomes a member of an in-group or an out-group? a. The leader's competence b. The follower's competence c. The follower's perception of the leader d. The leader's perception of the follower e. The size of the work group

The leader's perception of the follower

According to the leader-member exchange model (LMX), all of the following describe out-group members EXCEPT a. they receive weaker support from the leader. b. they receive fewer rewards. c. they have fewer friends at work. d. they are not "in the loop" as information is shared. e. they are assigned to mundane tasks.

They have fewer friends at work

According to the leader-member exchange model (LMX), all of the following describe in-group members EXCEPT a. they receive special duties. b. they receive special privileges. c. they are privy to sensitive information. d. they have more friends at work. e. they receive more rewards.

They have more friends at work

All of the following are considered charismatic leaders EXCEPT a. Adolf Hitler b. Steve Jobs c. Ted Turner d. May Kay Ash e. Tim Cook

Tim Cook

Annabelle takes over as CEO of an organization that's already doing extremely well, so she elects not to undertake any drastic changes and mainly stay the course—for the time being, at least. Annabelle is engaging in __________ leadership. a. transformational b. transactional c. charismatic d. strategic e. ethical

Transactional

___________ leadership is essentially the same as the definition of management.

Transactional

What type of leadership is focused on routine, regimented activities? a. Transformational leadership b. Charismatic leadership c. Strategic leadership d. Transactional leadership e. Virtual leadership

Transactional leadership

___________ leaders recognize the need for change and create a vision to guide that change.

Transformational

A leader who initiates change in a company by enhancing the culture of the work environment is using a. charismatic leadership. b. transactional leadership. c. transformational leadership. d. strategic leadership. e. path-goal leadership.

Transformational leadership

What type of leadership is focused on recognizing the need for change, creating a vision to guide that change, and executing the change effectively? a. Transformational leadership b. Charismatic leadership c. Strategic leadership d. Transactional leadership e. Virtual leadership

Transformational leadership