Chapter 12: Molecular biology of the Gene

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semiconservative

DNA replication can be described as _____, because the resulting daughter DNA consists of one parent strand and one daughter strand

amino acids

for genes that code for proteins, the mRNA sequence determines the sequence of _____ in a protein

separates double-stranded DNA into single strands

function of DNA helicase?

synthesizes DNA, removes RNA and proofreads DNA

function of DNA polymerase?

synthesizes short RNA strands

function of DNA primase?

keeps single stranded DNA apart

function of single-stranded binding protein?

expression

gene ____ refers to the production and usage of a gene's product

protein; DNA

in the 1940s, scientists had concluded that the genetic material was most likely either _____ or ______

variation

it is necessary for genetic material to be able to undergo mutations in order to provide genetic ____ for evolution to occur

how proteins function in metabolic pathways; how proteins are modified by the ER and golgi apparatus; the structure of proteins

the field of proteomics is dedicated to understanding

triplet

the genetic code is said to be a _____ code, because a set of 3 nucleotide bases codes for a particular amino acid

template

the original parent strand from which a complementary strand is made is called the ____ strand

template

the parental strand of DNA serving as the guide for a complementary DNA daughter strand is called the _____ strand

translation

the process of ______ occurs on ribosomes, either free in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum

transcription

the process of synthesizing an RNA strand from a DNA template strand is called

translation

the process of____ uses mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes to synthesize protein

DNA replication

the synthesis of new DNA double helix molecules from a pre-existing parent molecule is called ______.

antiparallel

the term that refers to the strands of a DNA molecule being oriented in opposite directions is _____

adenine and guanine

the two purines bases in DNA are:

cytosine and thymine

the two pyrimidine bases are

hydrogen bonds

the two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by

promoter

to initiate transcription, RNA polymerase binds to the ____ region of the gene

defines the start of transcription

what is one function of the promoter?

guides RNA polymerase to the strand to be transcribed

what is one function of the promoter?

because cytosine pairs with guanine in DNA

what is the best explanation as to why the number of guanines in an organism's DNA is equal to its number of cytosines?

the double helix is separated and unwound

what is the first step of DNA replication in prokaryotes?

DNA polymerases begins the copying process

what is the second step of DNA replication in prokaryotes?

DNA polymerases meet at the termination region

what is the third step of DNA replication in prokaryotes?

stable, able to store information

which characteristics are to be expected of genetic material?

DNA to RNA to protein

which choice identifies the flow of information according to the central dogma of molecular biology

able to undergo mutations, storage of genetic info, a stable molecule

which of the following are characteristics of the genetic material that early scientists were seeking?

phosphate, nitrogen-containing base, 5-carbon sugar

which of the following are components of a nucleotide?

the prokaryotic genome is replicated much faster than the eukaryotic genome; prokaryotes have only one origin of replication

which of the following are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?

gives us insight into evolutionary relationships, allows for genetic engineering

which of the following are implications of the universality of the genetic code?

occurs in eukaryotic nuclei; involves RNA polymerase

which of the following are true of transcription but not translation.

transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA

which of the following are types of RNA?

~small ribosomal subunit ~large ribosomal subunit ~messenger RNA ~initiator tRNA

which of the following directly plays a part in translation initiation?

~determined that nucleotides were paired inside the double helix ~discovered the double helix shape of deoxyribonucleic acid ~determined the sugars and phosphates formed backbones in the DNA

which of the following were direct contributions of the work of James Watson and Francis Crick?

a post-modification mRNA transcript

which of the following would contain the fewest base pairs, if starting with the same size eukaryotic gene?

so genetic material can pass from generation to generation; so replication can be accurate

why must the genetic material be a stable molecule?

UUACGGGC

If a certain section of a template strand of DNA had the sequence AATGCCCG, the mRNA transcript's sequence would be

defines the direction of transcription

What is one function of the promoter?

transcription from DNA

What is the source of particular sequences of tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA?

transcript

a modified and finished form of a messenger RNA molecule is called an mRNA

codon

a(n) _____ is a three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that codes for a particular amino acid

purines

adenine and guanine are nitrogen-containing bases called ____

was made from a DNA template, was produced by RNA polymerase, can be used for translation

an mRNA transcript

bubble

an opening in eukaryotic DNA, containing two forks at the site of replication is called a replication _____

tRNA

anticodons are found on which nucleic acid?

What is a difference between RNA and DNA

only RNA contains the base "uracil"

what is a difference between RNA and DNA

only RNA contains the sugar "ribose"

protein, DNA

during the 1940s, scientists considered what two molecules most likely to be genetic material?

termination

during the phase of translation called ____, a completed polypeptide is released

anticodon

during the process of translation, a codon matches up with its complement, a(n)

start codon

during translation initiation, the small ribosomal subunit and initiator tRNA attach in the vicinity of the ____

translating on mRNA

polyribosomes are strings of ribosomes simultaneously _____ strand

rRNA

ribosomes are made of proteins and a type of nucleic acid abbreviated ____

secretion from the cell

ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum are synthesizing proteins destined for

on the endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes participating in production of proteins destined for secretion from the cell located:

genetic code

source of biological information about inheritance and development

initiation > elongation > termination

steps of translation in order

release factor binds to stop codon, protein product is released, ribosomal subunits dissociate

termination events in sequential order

stop

the ____ codon binds to a release factor to end translation

elongation

the _____ phase of translation allows additional amino acids to be added to the growing polypeptide

nucleotides

the building blocks of DNA are ______

what is the correct sequence of DNA replication?

1. unwinding the DNA double helix 2. complementary base pairing 3. joining nucleotides to the growing DNA strand

what is a difference between RNA and DNA

DNA is double-stranded, but RNA is single-stranded

attaches DNA fragments

Function of DNA ligase?

nucleotides are added to the 3' end; nucleotides are joined together; a growing strand runs in a 5' to 3' direction

RNA polymerase has all the following in common with DNA polymerase

Pre-mRNA

RNA that has not been been processed yet

introns

RNA that will be removed before translation

exons

RNA that will be used for translation

double helix

Rosalind Franklin was instrumental in the discovery that the 3-dimensional shape of a DNA molecule was a(n) ____

false

T or F: DNA polymerase is used during transcription along with RNA polymerase

True

T or F: a change in the DNA code will result in a change in the RNA code

true

T or F: a purine base normally pairs with a pyrimidine base

true

T or F: the genetic code is, with few exceptions, universal


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