Chapter 12: Molecular biology of the Gene
semiconservative
DNA replication can be described as _____, because the resulting daughter DNA consists of one parent strand and one daughter strand
amino acids
for genes that code for proteins, the mRNA sequence determines the sequence of _____ in a protein
separates double-stranded DNA into single strands
function of DNA helicase?
synthesizes DNA, removes RNA and proofreads DNA
function of DNA polymerase?
synthesizes short RNA strands
function of DNA primase?
keeps single stranded DNA apart
function of single-stranded binding protein?
expression
gene ____ refers to the production and usage of a gene's product
protein; DNA
in the 1940s, scientists had concluded that the genetic material was most likely either _____ or ______
variation
it is necessary for genetic material to be able to undergo mutations in order to provide genetic ____ for evolution to occur
how proteins function in metabolic pathways; how proteins are modified by the ER and golgi apparatus; the structure of proteins
the field of proteomics is dedicated to understanding
triplet
the genetic code is said to be a _____ code, because a set of 3 nucleotide bases codes for a particular amino acid
template
the original parent strand from which a complementary strand is made is called the ____ strand
template
the parental strand of DNA serving as the guide for a complementary DNA daughter strand is called the _____ strand
translation
the process of ______ occurs on ribosomes, either free in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum
transcription
the process of synthesizing an RNA strand from a DNA template strand is called
translation
the process of____ uses mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes to synthesize protein
DNA replication
the synthesis of new DNA double helix molecules from a pre-existing parent molecule is called ______.
antiparallel
the term that refers to the strands of a DNA molecule being oriented in opposite directions is _____
adenine and guanine
the two purines bases in DNA are:
cytosine and thymine
the two pyrimidine bases are
hydrogen bonds
the two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by
promoter
to initiate transcription, RNA polymerase binds to the ____ region of the gene
defines the start of transcription
what is one function of the promoter?
guides RNA polymerase to the strand to be transcribed
what is one function of the promoter?
because cytosine pairs with guanine in DNA
what is the best explanation as to why the number of guanines in an organism's DNA is equal to its number of cytosines?
the double helix is separated and unwound
what is the first step of DNA replication in prokaryotes?
DNA polymerases begins the copying process
what is the second step of DNA replication in prokaryotes?
DNA polymerases meet at the termination region
what is the third step of DNA replication in prokaryotes?
stable, able to store information
which characteristics are to be expected of genetic material?
DNA to RNA to protein
which choice identifies the flow of information according to the central dogma of molecular biology
able to undergo mutations, storage of genetic info, a stable molecule
which of the following are characteristics of the genetic material that early scientists were seeking?
phosphate, nitrogen-containing base, 5-carbon sugar
which of the following are components of a nucleotide?
the prokaryotic genome is replicated much faster than the eukaryotic genome; prokaryotes have only one origin of replication
which of the following are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?
gives us insight into evolutionary relationships, allows for genetic engineering
which of the following are implications of the universality of the genetic code?
occurs in eukaryotic nuclei; involves RNA polymerase
which of the following are true of transcription but not translation.
transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA
which of the following are types of RNA?
~small ribosomal subunit ~large ribosomal subunit ~messenger RNA ~initiator tRNA
which of the following directly plays a part in translation initiation?
~determined that nucleotides were paired inside the double helix ~discovered the double helix shape of deoxyribonucleic acid ~determined the sugars and phosphates formed backbones in the DNA
which of the following were direct contributions of the work of James Watson and Francis Crick?
a post-modification mRNA transcript
which of the following would contain the fewest base pairs, if starting with the same size eukaryotic gene?
so genetic material can pass from generation to generation; so replication can be accurate
why must the genetic material be a stable molecule?
UUACGGGC
If a certain section of a template strand of DNA had the sequence AATGCCCG, the mRNA transcript's sequence would be
defines the direction of transcription
What is one function of the promoter?
transcription from DNA
What is the source of particular sequences of tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA?
transcript
a modified and finished form of a messenger RNA molecule is called an mRNA
codon
a(n) _____ is a three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that codes for a particular amino acid
purines
adenine and guanine are nitrogen-containing bases called ____
was made from a DNA template, was produced by RNA polymerase, can be used for translation
an mRNA transcript
bubble
an opening in eukaryotic DNA, containing two forks at the site of replication is called a replication _____
tRNA
anticodons are found on which nucleic acid?
What is a difference between RNA and DNA
only RNA contains the base "uracil"
what is a difference between RNA and DNA
only RNA contains the sugar "ribose"
protein, DNA
during the 1940s, scientists considered what two molecules most likely to be genetic material?
termination
during the phase of translation called ____, a completed polypeptide is released
anticodon
during the process of translation, a codon matches up with its complement, a(n)
start codon
during translation initiation, the small ribosomal subunit and initiator tRNA attach in the vicinity of the ____
translating on mRNA
polyribosomes are strings of ribosomes simultaneously _____ strand
rRNA
ribosomes are made of proteins and a type of nucleic acid abbreviated ____
secretion from the cell
ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum are synthesizing proteins destined for
on the endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes participating in production of proteins destined for secretion from the cell located:
genetic code
source of biological information about inheritance and development
initiation > elongation > termination
steps of translation in order
release factor binds to stop codon, protein product is released, ribosomal subunits dissociate
termination events in sequential order
stop
the ____ codon binds to a release factor to end translation
elongation
the _____ phase of translation allows additional amino acids to be added to the growing polypeptide
nucleotides
the building blocks of DNA are ______
what is the correct sequence of DNA replication?
1. unwinding the DNA double helix 2. complementary base pairing 3. joining nucleotides to the growing DNA strand
what is a difference between RNA and DNA
DNA is double-stranded, but RNA is single-stranded
attaches DNA fragments
Function of DNA ligase?
nucleotides are added to the 3' end; nucleotides are joined together; a growing strand runs in a 5' to 3' direction
RNA polymerase has all the following in common with DNA polymerase
Pre-mRNA
RNA that has not been been processed yet
introns
RNA that will be removed before translation
exons
RNA that will be used for translation
double helix
Rosalind Franklin was instrumental in the discovery that the 3-dimensional shape of a DNA molecule was a(n) ____
false
T or F: DNA polymerase is used during transcription along with RNA polymerase
True
T or F: a change in the DNA code will result in a change in the RNA code
true
T or F: a purine base normally pairs with a pyrimidine base
true
T or F: the genetic code is, with few exceptions, universal