chapter 12 part 3 , chapter 13 part 1?

Spanish conquered the Aztecs(Tenochtitlán) Colonial Mexico City

1521 two year siege They destroyed Tenochtitlán, dispersed or killed most of the inhabitants constructed a new city on the site

Emperor Maximilian

1864-1867 designed a 14-lane, tree-lined boulevard patterned after the Champs-Elysées in Paris

why did ppl want annexation

19th century the city offered better services, such as water supply, sewage disposal, trash pickup, paved streets, public transportation, and police and fire protection

Mexico City population post colonial independence

500,000 in the 1900 3 million in 1950 21 million in 2015

zoning ordinance

A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community. homogeneity is protected

peripheral model

A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.

local government in the United States is extremely fragmented

According to the 2012 Census of Governments, the United States had 89,004 local governments, 3,031 counties, 19,522 municipalities, 16,364 townships, 12,884 school districts, and 37,203 special districts

urban areas are characterized by extensive commuting

Because few people live within walking distance of their place of employment

two kinds of metropolitan-wide governments

Consolidations of city and county governments Federations

Sprawl

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

Workers in the Suburbanization of Business Services

Executives can drive more easily to their offices and park their cars without charge

Factories and the warehouses in the Suburbanization of Business Services

Factories and warehouses also increasingly locate in suburbs for more space, cheaper land, and better truck access

node of religious life of Mexico City

Great Temple

Segregation of social classes

Housing in a given suburban community is usually built for people of a single social class, with others excluded by virtue of the cost, size, or location of the housing. Segregation by race and ethnicity

Consolidations of city and county governments in

Indianapolis boundaries of Indianapolis were changed to match those of Marion County, Indiana

Suburban retailing is concentrated in shopping malls of varying sizes

Larger malls contain department stores and specialty shops once located only in the CBD

annexation

Legally adding land area to a city in the United States Now cities are surrounded by a collection of suburban jurisdictions whose residents prefer to remain legally independent of the large city

smart growth

Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.

sprawl costs

Local authorities must spend more money extending roads and utilities to connect developments not contiguous to existing built-up areas. More agricultural land is lost through construction of isolated housing developments. More energy is expended because trips to work and services must cover longer distances

Consolidations of city and county governments in Florida

Miami the city of Miami and surrounding Dade County have combined some services, but the city boundaries have not been changed to match those of the county

early leaders in enacting strong state-level smart-growth initiatives

New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Washington

housing in European because of the restriction of sprawling

New housing is built either in older suburbs inside the greenbelts or in planned extensions to small towns and new towns beyond the greenbelts

offices in the Suburbanization of Business Services

Offices that do not require face-to-face contact are increasingly moving to suburbs, where rents are lower than in the CBD

The supply of land for the construction of new housing is more severely restricted in European urban areas than in the United States

Officials try to limit sprawl by designating areas of mandatory open space. Several British cities are surrounded by greenbelts, or rings of open space

Originally, some of these peripheral jurisdictions were small, isolated towns that had a tradition of independent local government before being swallowed up by urban growth

Others are newly created communities whose residents wish to live close to the large city but not be legally part of it

Segregation of land uses

Residents are separated from commercial and manufacturing activities that are confined to compact, distinct areas

density gradient

The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery the number of houses per unit of land diminishes as distance from the center city increases

rush hour

The four consecutive 15-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic.

U.S. states have taken steps to curb suburban growth

The goal is to produce a pattern of compact and contiguous development and protect rural land for agriculture, recreation, and wildlife

Suburban locations have posed hardships for some employees, especially lower-status workers, such as secretaries and custodians

These employees may live in neighborhoods that are not convenient to where they work. They may not own reliable cars, but public transportation may not serve their place of employment. Some workers miss the stimulation and animation of a central location, particularly at lunchtime

what helped control flooding

Three causeways with drawbridges that linked Tenochtitlán to the mainland

U.S. metropolitan areas have a council of government

a cooperative agency consisting of representatives of the various local governments in the region

the attractions of suburbs

a detached single-family dwelling rather than a row house or an apartment private land surrounding the house space to park cars a greater opportunity for home ownership

Mexico City

a developing country that has passed through three stages of development: pre-European origin, the European colonial period, and postcolonial independence

intense concentration of people in the CBD during working hours strains transportation systems

a large number of people must reach a small area of land at the same time in the morning and disperse at the same time in the afternoon

detached houses in fridges of built up areas

a lot of 1 hectare or greater (2.5 acres)

suburb

a residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city

distribution of people in suburbs, cities and small towns/rural areas 1960

all 1/3 of the population

cities that grew during the 19th century

as part of the Industrial Revolution, more extensive suburbs appeared

where residents usually got food and other necessities

at small neighborhood shops in the midst of housing areas and shopped in the CBD for other products

why Consumer services have expanded in the suburbs

bc people live there

the city expanded north and east

because of the drainage

Low-income people and minorities are unable to live in many U.S. suburbs

because of the high cost of the housing and unwelcoming attitudes of established residents

How did the Spanish built Mexico City

built around a main square-Zocalo in the center of the island streets are in a grid like pattern extending from the main square

wealthy people during the 19th century and the Paseo de la Reforma

built palaces

Fewer people living in the center.

changes that affected the density gradient The density gradient thus has a gap in the center, where few live

Fewer differences in density within urban areas

changes that affected the density gradient The number of people living on a hectare of land has decreased in the central residential areas through population decline and abandonment of old housing density has increased on the periphery through construction of apartment and town-house projects and diffusion of suburbs across a larger area

kinds of lands that private developers seek for the new housing sites encourages sprawl

cheap land that can easily be prepared for construction --land often not contiguous to the existing built-up area

residents in suburbs of the past decade

cities have been less likely to annex peripheral land because the residents have preferred to organize their own services rather than pay city taxes for them

Chauncey Harris

co authored the multiple nuclei model but also created the peripheral model as a modification of the multiple nuclei model

how food, merchandise, and building materials got to the city

crossed from the mainland to the island by boat and the island had many canals to facilitate movement

density of where people live as you travel outward from the center of a city

density declined

Land is not transformed immediately from farms to housing developments

developers buy farms for future construction of houses by individual builders

Suburban communities

discourage the entry of those with lower incomes and minorities because of fear that property values will decline if the high-status composition of the neighborhood is altered

Maryland's smart-growth law

discourages the state from funding new highways and other projects that would extend suburban sprawl and destroy farmland money must be allocated to "fill in" already urbanized areas

Chicago

expanded from 26 square kilometers (10 square miles) in 1837 to 492 square kilometers (190 square miles) in 1900

the boulevard -Paseo de la Reforma^

extended 3 kms southwest from the center to Chapultepec

Aztecs conquered neighboring areas

extended their control through much of present-day Mexico. As their wealth and power grew, Tenochtitlán grew to a population of a half-million

Hawaii

fewest # of local governments - 21

the two changes

flatten the density gradient and reduce the extremes of density between inner and outer areas traditionally found within cities

the restriction of the supply of the land on the urban periphery

has risen the prices of the house prices

larger metropolitan areas

have thousands of local governments, with widely varying levels of resources

therefore^ cities grew

he legal boundaries frequently changed to accommodate newly developed areas

Extensive areas of suburbs

houses of similar interior dimension, lot size, and cost, appealing to people with similar incomes and lifestyles

The water of the Lake Texcoco was drained

in 1903 drained by a gigantic canal and tunnel project

heaviest flow of commuting into the CBD

in the morning and in the evening

when could most Americans afford homes in the suburbs

incomes rose in the twentieth century more families were able to afford to buy suburban homes

The rules of the annexation

land can be annexed to a city only if a majority of residents in the affected area vote in favor of the annexation

As long as demand for single-family detached houses remains high

land on the fringe of urban areas will be converted from open space to residential land use

qualities of the malls

large parking spaces surrounding the shops A shopping mall is built by a developer, who buys the land, builds the structures, and leases space to individual merchants

houses that Older suburbs have

larger row houses, semidetached houses, and individual houses on small lots density of about 10 houses per hectare (4 houses per acre)

Illinois

largest number of local governments -6,968

The large number of local government units

led the metropolitan government that could coordinate—if not replace—the numerous local governments in an urban area

Paseo de la Reforma

located between the downtown and the Chapultepec became the elite sector

problems of the fragmentation of local government in the United States

makes it difficult to solve regional problems of traffic management, solid-waste disposal, and the building of affordable housing

what also encourages sprawl

many families want to own large tracts of land

A flattening of the density gradient for a metropolitan area

means that its people and services are spread out over a larger area. U.S. suburbs are characterized by sprawl and segregation

where they went after they were forced to move

migrated a few kilometers south, near the present-day site of the University of Mexico then in 1325 to a marshy 10-square-kilometer island in Lake Texcoco

families with children were really attracted to the suburbs

more space for play and protection from the high crime rates and heavy traffic that characterize inner-city life

MSAs in the northeastern United States

one continuous urban complex, extending from north of Boston to south of Washington, D.C

Inner-city apartments or row houses

pack as many as 250 dwellings on a hectare of land (100 dwellings per acre)

The dried-up lakebed is a less desirable residential location than the westside

prevailing winds from the northeast stirred up dust storms

Special districts

provide services as fire protection, water supply, libraries, and public transportation

Public transport in the United States is used primarily for commuting by workers into and out of the CBD

public transport is used for only 5 percent of commuting trips in the United States

detached houses in new suburbs

sits on a lot of 0.25 to 0.5 hectares (0.6 to 1.2 acres)

historical suburbs

small scale located outside the walls surrounding a city

distribution of people in suburbs, cities and small towns/rural areas 1950

suburbs- 20% cities- 40% small towns/rural areas- 40%

distribution of people in suburbs, cities and small towns/rural areas 2000

suburbs- 50% cities- 30% small towns/rural areas- 20%

location of the wealthy people along the Paseo de la Reforma

towards the west elevation was higher sewage flowed eastward and northward, away from Chapultepec

Geographer Jean Gottmann

used Megalopolis to describe the region ^

Aztecs founded Mexico City Pre colonial Mexico City

which they named as Tenochtitlán on a hill known as Chapultepec -on a hill known as Chapultepec