Chapter 12 PSYC 2120

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Which of the following are the most important indicators of achievement in industrialized societies?

- Amount of education a person has completed - Type of job a person holds

Which of the following are typical reasons students drop out of school? (Choose every correct answer.)

- An appealing job offer - An unintended pregnancy - Repeated academic failures

A high level of fear of failure results in which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)

- Anxiety during tests - Interference with what would have been successful performances

_______ attributions are the beliefs an individual holds about the causes of her or his successes and failures.

Achievement

Considering educational achievement across ethnicities, which group has the highest educational achievement?

Asian

When comparing Hispanic and Asian ethnic groups, the _______ group has the lowest high school drop-out rate. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)

Asian

Manuel is responsible, self-assured, creative, intellectually curious, and socially skilled. He is a straight-A student. Which type of parenting has Manuel most likely received?

Authoritative

Which of the following has the responsibility to help adolescents be free from stereotypes that constrain their choices about their careers?

Career educator

Which type of capital is made up of economic capital, social capital and cultural capital?

Family capital

According to Mackey's 2015 study, adolescents from which of the following income groups had more gray matter in brain regions that affected performance on achievement tests?

Higher

Which typically has more occupational attainment?

Major league baseball player

Which of the following are Asian adolescents more concerned with?

Mastering the material

What effect does attending a school in an impoverished neighborhood tend to have on student performance?

Negative

Which of the following adolescent part-time job offers the best opportunities to build career-related skills?

Office

Juan is concerned that trying too hard in his math class may make him seem less cool. Which age group would Juan most likely belong in?

Pubescent adolescent

Which of the following is represented by the grades students earn in school?

School performance

Which of the following is demonstrated through belief in one's capabilities?

Self-efficacy

______ strategies include not making an effort, putting off an important assignment until the last minute, joking around in class, and goofing off the night before an exam so that low performance is based on circumstances rather than lack of ability.

Self-handicapping

________ strategies include not making an effort, putting off an important assignment until the last minute, joking around in class, and goofing off the night before an exam so that low performance is based on circumstances rather than lack of ability.

Self-handicapping

What is the harmful effect that exposure to stereotypes about ethnic or sex differences in ability has on student performance?

Stereotype threat

Which is not a way that parental expectations may influence an adolescent's level of achievement?

Taking a hands off approach to encourage independent study

Which of the following is not a reason for low achievement test scores?

Textbook difficulty has increased over time.

Which of the following is the most likely reason adolescents in today's industrialized world hold a part-time job?

To earn spending money

True or false: A focus on achievement becomes relevant as adolescents begin to perceive current success and failures as predictors of future outcomes in the adult world.

True

True or false: Self-efficacy is confidence in one's abilities.

True

What term describes the types of rewards individuals seek from their jobs?

Work values

Which type of family values obedience, conformity, and job security?

Working class

The National Assessment of Educational Progress is a test used to track ______.

achievement

The National Assessment of Educational Progress is a test used to track educational _______.

achievement

Lauren's teacher notices that she is skilled at acquiring new information because of her ability to plan, consider alternatives, and construct new combinations of knowledge. Lauren is most likely in

adolescence

Poor children who participated in preschool intervention performed (better/worse) in school during adolescence than those who did not.

better

Students who are more confident about the future tend to do (better/worse) in school.

better

A _____ educator has the responsibility to help adolescents make more informed and more realistic choices about their careers.

career

Cognitive changes, such as improved information processing, more breadth of content knowledge, and combining knowledge in new ways allow for improved ______ in adolescence.

critical thinking

The resources provided within a family through the exposure of the adolescent to art, music, literature, and other elements of "high culture" is referred to as ______ capital.

cultural

The resources provided within a family through the exposure of the adolescent to art, music, literature, and other elements of "high culture" is referred to as ______.

cultural capital

As adolescents move into young adulthood, the extrinsic rewards of jobs (decrease/increase)

decrease

As adolescents move into young adulthood, the social rewards of jobs ______.

decrease

Peter was always very motivated throughout elementary school. As he enters secondary school, one can expect his motivation to ______.

decrease

Students' motivation and school performance (increases/decreases) as they move into secondary school.

decreases

Exercising ______ means waiting longer to get a larger, better, or more valuable reward instead of a less attractive one available immediately.

delay of gratification

Educational achievement is usually defined by school performance, academic achievement or ______ attainment.

educational

Preschool intervention for those living in poverty has been shown to (enhance/diminish) adolescent academic achievement.

enhance

A student who is so afraid of failing that they have anxiety during tests which interferes with successful performance exhibits fear of ________.

failure

True or false: Learned helplessness is the belief that success is inevitable.

false

Black, Hispanic, and White students typically achieve (more/less) in school than Asian students.

less

Adolescents who feel they have been discriminated against achieve (more/less) in school and report (more/less) emotional distress than their peers who do not hold these beliefs.

less; more

An underachieving student is one whose grades are far ______ than one would expect based on their intellectual ability.

lower

(performance/mastery) motivation involves internal incentives, such as the pleasure students get from learning.

mastery

Which of the following are ways to combat the negative influence that a poor child's socioeconomic status has on his academic achievement?

- Being raised by authoritative parents - Positive relations at home - Influence of peers who support academic success

Improved critical thinking in adolescence includes which of the following skills? (Select all that apply.)

- Considering alternative strategies - Increased information processing speed - More content knowledge in a variety of domains

What are ways that parents may encourage an adolescent's academic achievement?

- Creating a supportive home environment - Setting high standards - Taking an active role in their children's education

Family capital is made up of which of the following?

- Cultural capital - Economic capital - Social capital

Which types of jobs provide the fewest chances to learn life-long career skills? (Select all that apply.)

- Fast food jobs - Jobs in retail stores - Restaurant work

Occupational development involves which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)

- Integration of influences from one's past - Examination of one's traits, abilities, and interests - Experimentation with different work roles

Which school environment factors can negatively affect student performance?

- Lack of funds for supplies - Decaying infrastructure - High number of disciplinary problems

According to Janosz's study of Canadian students, there are four distinct groups of drop-outs. Which of the following are included in these four groups?

- Maladjusted dropouts - Quiet dropouts - Disengaged dropouts

Educational achievement is usually defined by which of the following?

- School performance - Academic achievement - Educational attainment

Which of the following are factors that experts believe contribute to low achievement test scores?

- Textbook difficulty has decreased. - Very little time is spent on writing. - Teachers are not challenging students to work hard.

What are the most likely outcomes for students with high-achieving friends?

- They will get higher grades. - They will continue their education.

A student whose teacher is very performance-oriented is more likely to

- feel alienated from school. - have lower feelings of self-efficacy.

1) Quiet dropouts 2) Disengaged dropouts 3) Low-achiever dropouts 4) Maladjusted dropouts

1) Similar to students who do not drop out, but slightly withdraw and seem to fade out 2) Low commitment to school and poor academic motivation 3) Very poor school performance 4) Behavioral and psychological problems

What are the beliefs an individual holds about the causes of her or his successes and failures?

Achievement attributions

Which ethnic group has the highest high school drop-out rate?

American-Indian/Alaska native

Which of the following is one of the most important indicators of achievement in industrialized societies?

Amount of education a person has completed

Lynn is becoming increasingly more interested in risky behaviors such as smoking marijuana. She is probably entering the age of (middle childhood/adolescence)

adolescence

Fear of failure creates ______.

anxiety when undergoing evaluations

The parenting style of ______ parents helps to combat the negative influence of poverty on their child's academic achievement.

authoritative

Exercising delayed ________ is the intentional act of postponing immediate rewards to get a more valuable reward at a later time.

gratification

Jorge refuses to apply for a promotion because he knows he will not get the job anyway. This is an example of learned _____.

helplessness

Middle-class adolescents score (lower/higher) on basic tests of academic achievement than their less affluent peers.

higher

Dan, typically a B student, became best friends with John, an A student, during his eighth grade year. As the year progressed, Dan's grades (improved/worsened)

improved

According to recent NAEP reports, over the past 45 years achievement in reading, writing, math, and science has ________ among 13-year olds.

increased slightly

A student whose teacher is very performance-oriented is (more/less) likely to engage in self-handicapping behavior.

more

According to a recent study, adolescents from higher income groups had (more/less) gray matter in brain regions that affect performance on achievement tests.

more

Asian adolescents spend (less/more) time each week than their peers on homework and other school related activities.

more

Middle-class adolescents complete (less/more) years of schooling than their less affluent peers.

more

People who drop out of high school are (less/more) likely to experience a teen pregnancy than those who graduated high school.

more

People who drop out of high school are (less/more) likely to live at poverty level than those who graduated high school.

more

Motivation to achieve and beliefs about the causes of one's successes and failures are examples of _______ factors.

noncognitive

Academic behaviors, academic perseverance and academic mindsets belong to the category of ______.

noncognitive factors

(occupational/educational) attainment depends strongly on (occupational/educational)

occupational;educational

Many adolescents in the United States hold a _______ -time job to earn spending money.

part

(performance/mastery) motivation involves external incentives, such as rewards and punishments.

performance

Adolescents raised in (authoritarian/permissive) homes are more likely to drop out of school.

permissive

The main reason students drop out of school is ______.

repeated academic failures

Enjoying job stability is an example of a(n) _______ work value reward.

security

Asian, African-American, and Hispanic adolescents' hopes for the future are ______.

similar

Overall, adolescents' hopes for the future are very (different/similar) across ethnic groups.

similar

An adolescent's development of an occupational identity is deeply influenced by the ______ environment in which is takes place.

social

Enjoying one's coworkers is an example of a(n) _______ work value reward.

social

Sara did not score high enough to pass junior English. Since she was already 19 years old, administration chose to pass her due to practice of ________ promotion.

social

The support, encouragement, and involvement of adults necessary to facilitate youngsters' success is called ______ capital.

social

A neighborhood that builds a community garden together, two classmates waving to each other as they pass on the street, and a neighbor that calls the police when she sees your kitchen light turn on while you are away are all examples of ______.

social capital

The practice of promoting students from one grade the the next automatically, regardless of their school performance is ______.

social promotion

Access to desirable career choices can be heavily restricted for many adolescents due to the negative influence of lower _____ ______.

socioeconomic status

The harmful effect that exposure to stereotypes about ethnic or sex differences in ability has on student performance is called ______ threat.

stereotype

The (strongest/weakest) influence on occupational choice is socioeconomic status.

strongest

A student whose grades are far lower than one would expect based on their intellectual ability is an __________.

underachiever

Rewards that individuals seek from their job are called ________ values.

work

The (business, working, upper) class family might tend to value obedience, conformity, and job security.

working

Today's 17-year-olds are scoring (better/worse) in science than their counterparts did in the early 1970s.

worse


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