Chapter 12 PSYC 2120
Which of the following are the most important indicators of achievement in industrialized societies?
- Amount of education a person has completed - Type of job a person holds
Which of the following are typical reasons students drop out of school? (Choose every correct answer.)
- An appealing job offer - An unintended pregnancy - Repeated academic failures
A high level of fear of failure results in which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)
- Anxiety during tests - Interference with what would have been successful performances
_______ attributions are the beliefs an individual holds about the causes of her or his successes and failures.
Achievement
Considering educational achievement across ethnicities, which group has the highest educational achievement?
Asian
When comparing Hispanic and Asian ethnic groups, the _______ group has the lowest high school drop-out rate. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)
Asian
Manuel is responsible, self-assured, creative, intellectually curious, and socially skilled. He is a straight-A student. Which type of parenting has Manuel most likely received?
Authoritative
Which of the following has the responsibility to help adolescents be free from stereotypes that constrain their choices about their careers?
Career educator
Which type of capital is made up of economic capital, social capital and cultural capital?
Family capital
According to Mackey's 2015 study, adolescents from which of the following income groups had more gray matter in brain regions that affected performance on achievement tests?
Higher
Which typically has more occupational attainment?
Major league baseball player
Which of the following are Asian adolescents more concerned with?
Mastering the material
What effect does attending a school in an impoverished neighborhood tend to have on student performance?
Negative
Which of the following adolescent part-time job offers the best opportunities to build career-related skills?
Office
Juan is concerned that trying too hard in his math class may make him seem less cool. Which age group would Juan most likely belong in?
Pubescent adolescent
Which of the following is represented by the grades students earn in school?
School performance
Which of the following is demonstrated through belief in one's capabilities?
Self-efficacy
______ strategies include not making an effort, putting off an important assignment until the last minute, joking around in class, and goofing off the night before an exam so that low performance is based on circumstances rather than lack of ability.
Self-handicapping
________ strategies include not making an effort, putting off an important assignment until the last minute, joking around in class, and goofing off the night before an exam so that low performance is based on circumstances rather than lack of ability.
Self-handicapping
What is the harmful effect that exposure to stereotypes about ethnic or sex differences in ability has on student performance?
Stereotype threat
Which is not a way that parental expectations may influence an adolescent's level of achievement?
Taking a hands off approach to encourage independent study
Which of the following is not a reason for low achievement test scores?
Textbook difficulty has increased over time.
Which of the following is the most likely reason adolescents in today's industrialized world hold a part-time job?
To earn spending money
True or false: A focus on achievement becomes relevant as adolescents begin to perceive current success and failures as predictors of future outcomes in the adult world.
True
True or false: Self-efficacy is confidence in one's abilities.
True
What term describes the types of rewards individuals seek from their jobs?
Work values
Which type of family values obedience, conformity, and job security?
Working class
The National Assessment of Educational Progress is a test used to track ______.
achievement
The National Assessment of Educational Progress is a test used to track educational _______.
achievement
Lauren's teacher notices that she is skilled at acquiring new information because of her ability to plan, consider alternatives, and construct new combinations of knowledge. Lauren is most likely in
adolescence
Poor children who participated in preschool intervention performed (better/worse) in school during adolescence than those who did not.
better
Students who are more confident about the future tend to do (better/worse) in school.
better
A _____ educator has the responsibility to help adolescents make more informed and more realistic choices about their careers.
career
Cognitive changes, such as improved information processing, more breadth of content knowledge, and combining knowledge in new ways allow for improved ______ in adolescence.
critical thinking
The resources provided within a family through the exposure of the adolescent to art, music, literature, and other elements of "high culture" is referred to as ______ capital.
cultural
The resources provided within a family through the exposure of the adolescent to art, music, literature, and other elements of "high culture" is referred to as ______.
cultural capital
As adolescents move into young adulthood, the extrinsic rewards of jobs (decrease/increase)
decrease
As adolescents move into young adulthood, the social rewards of jobs ______.
decrease
Peter was always very motivated throughout elementary school. As he enters secondary school, one can expect his motivation to ______.
decrease
Students' motivation and school performance (increases/decreases) as they move into secondary school.
decreases
Exercising ______ means waiting longer to get a larger, better, or more valuable reward instead of a less attractive one available immediately.
delay of gratification
Educational achievement is usually defined by school performance, academic achievement or ______ attainment.
educational
Preschool intervention for those living in poverty has been shown to (enhance/diminish) adolescent academic achievement.
enhance
A student who is so afraid of failing that they have anxiety during tests which interferes with successful performance exhibits fear of ________.
failure
True or false: Learned helplessness is the belief that success is inevitable.
false
Black, Hispanic, and White students typically achieve (more/less) in school than Asian students.
less
Adolescents who feel they have been discriminated against achieve (more/less) in school and report (more/less) emotional distress than their peers who do not hold these beliefs.
less; more
An underachieving student is one whose grades are far ______ than one would expect based on their intellectual ability.
lower
(performance/mastery) motivation involves internal incentives, such as the pleasure students get from learning.
mastery
Which of the following are ways to combat the negative influence that a poor child's socioeconomic status has on his academic achievement?
- Being raised by authoritative parents - Positive relations at home - Influence of peers who support academic success
Improved critical thinking in adolescence includes which of the following skills? (Select all that apply.)
- Considering alternative strategies - Increased information processing speed - More content knowledge in a variety of domains
What are ways that parents may encourage an adolescent's academic achievement?
- Creating a supportive home environment - Setting high standards - Taking an active role in their children's education
Family capital is made up of which of the following?
- Cultural capital - Economic capital - Social capital
Which types of jobs provide the fewest chances to learn life-long career skills? (Select all that apply.)
- Fast food jobs - Jobs in retail stores - Restaurant work
Occupational development involves which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)
- Integration of influences from one's past - Examination of one's traits, abilities, and interests - Experimentation with different work roles
Which school environment factors can negatively affect student performance?
- Lack of funds for supplies - Decaying infrastructure - High number of disciplinary problems
According to Janosz's study of Canadian students, there are four distinct groups of drop-outs. Which of the following are included in these four groups?
- Maladjusted dropouts - Quiet dropouts - Disengaged dropouts
Educational achievement is usually defined by which of the following?
- School performance - Academic achievement - Educational attainment
Which of the following are factors that experts believe contribute to low achievement test scores?
- Textbook difficulty has decreased. - Very little time is spent on writing. - Teachers are not challenging students to work hard.
What are the most likely outcomes for students with high-achieving friends?
- They will get higher grades. - They will continue their education.
A student whose teacher is very performance-oriented is more likely to
- feel alienated from school. - have lower feelings of self-efficacy.
1) Quiet dropouts 2) Disengaged dropouts 3) Low-achiever dropouts 4) Maladjusted dropouts
1) Similar to students who do not drop out, but slightly withdraw and seem to fade out 2) Low commitment to school and poor academic motivation 3) Very poor school performance 4) Behavioral and psychological problems
What are the beliefs an individual holds about the causes of her or his successes and failures?
Achievement attributions
Which ethnic group has the highest high school drop-out rate?
American-Indian/Alaska native
Which of the following is one of the most important indicators of achievement in industrialized societies?
Amount of education a person has completed
Lynn is becoming increasingly more interested in risky behaviors such as smoking marijuana. She is probably entering the age of (middle childhood/adolescence)
adolescence
Fear of failure creates ______.
anxiety when undergoing evaluations
The parenting style of ______ parents helps to combat the negative influence of poverty on their child's academic achievement.
authoritative
Exercising delayed ________ is the intentional act of postponing immediate rewards to get a more valuable reward at a later time.
gratification
Jorge refuses to apply for a promotion because he knows he will not get the job anyway. This is an example of learned _____.
helplessness
Middle-class adolescents score (lower/higher) on basic tests of academic achievement than their less affluent peers.
higher
Dan, typically a B student, became best friends with John, an A student, during his eighth grade year. As the year progressed, Dan's grades (improved/worsened)
improved
According to recent NAEP reports, over the past 45 years achievement in reading, writing, math, and science has ________ among 13-year olds.
increased slightly
A student whose teacher is very performance-oriented is (more/less) likely to engage in self-handicapping behavior.
more
According to a recent study, adolescents from higher income groups had (more/less) gray matter in brain regions that affect performance on achievement tests.
more
Asian adolescents spend (less/more) time each week than their peers on homework and other school related activities.
more
Middle-class adolescents complete (less/more) years of schooling than their less affluent peers.
more
People who drop out of high school are (less/more) likely to experience a teen pregnancy than those who graduated high school.
more
People who drop out of high school are (less/more) likely to live at poverty level than those who graduated high school.
more
Motivation to achieve and beliefs about the causes of one's successes and failures are examples of _______ factors.
noncognitive
Academic behaviors, academic perseverance and academic mindsets belong to the category of ______.
noncognitive factors
(occupational/educational) attainment depends strongly on (occupational/educational)
occupational;educational
Many adolescents in the United States hold a _______ -time job to earn spending money.
part
(performance/mastery) motivation involves external incentives, such as rewards and punishments.
performance
Adolescents raised in (authoritarian/permissive) homes are more likely to drop out of school.
permissive
The main reason students drop out of school is ______.
repeated academic failures
Enjoying job stability is an example of a(n) _______ work value reward.
security
Asian, African-American, and Hispanic adolescents' hopes for the future are ______.
similar
Overall, adolescents' hopes for the future are very (different/similar) across ethnic groups.
similar
An adolescent's development of an occupational identity is deeply influenced by the ______ environment in which is takes place.
social
Enjoying one's coworkers is an example of a(n) _______ work value reward.
social
Sara did not score high enough to pass junior English. Since she was already 19 years old, administration chose to pass her due to practice of ________ promotion.
social
The support, encouragement, and involvement of adults necessary to facilitate youngsters' success is called ______ capital.
social
A neighborhood that builds a community garden together, two classmates waving to each other as they pass on the street, and a neighbor that calls the police when she sees your kitchen light turn on while you are away are all examples of ______.
social capital
The practice of promoting students from one grade the the next automatically, regardless of their school performance is ______.
social promotion
Access to desirable career choices can be heavily restricted for many adolescents due to the negative influence of lower _____ ______.
socioeconomic status
The harmful effect that exposure to stereotypes about ethnic or sex differences in ability has on student performance is called ______ threat.
stereotype
The (strongest/weakest) influence on occupational choice is socioeconomic status.
strongest
A student whose grades are far lower than one would expect based on their intellectual ability is an __________.
underachiever
Rewards that individuals seek from their job are called ________ values.
work
The (business, working, upper) class family might tend to value obedience, conformity, and job security.
working
Today's 17-year-olds are scoring (better/worse) in science than their counterparts did in the early 1970s.
worse
