Chapter 12 PSYCH Assignment Quizlet:

According to Hans Selye, all stress causes a generalized, nonspecific set of changes in the body, called the general adaptation system.

According to Hans Selye, all stress causes a generalized, nonspecific set of changes in the body, called the _____. post-traumatic stress disorder. psychological reactivity model. general adaptation syndrome.

When all systems return to normal and homeostasis is restored.

According to accounts of the physiology of stress, when does recovery from stress occur? After we have passed through the exhaustion stage. When corticotropic hormone levels return to baseline levels. When all systems return to normal and homeostasis is restored. Once the adrenal-medullary system deactivates.

When all systems return to normal and homeostasis is restored

According to accounts of the physiology of stress, when does recovery from stress occur? When corticotropic hormone levels return to baseline levels. Once the adrenal-medullary system deactivates. When all systems return to normal and homeostasis is restored. After we have passed through the exhaustion stage.

According to the psychosomatic theory, emotional factors can lead to the occurrence or worsening of illness.

According to the ______ theory, emotional factors can lead to the occurrence or worsening of illness.

Although minor when compared to cataclysmic stressors, daily irritations, or hassles, have been found to correlate positively with health problems.

Although minor when compared to cataclysmic stressors, daily irritations, or ____ , have been found to correlate positively with health problems.

Although minor when compared to cataclysmic stressors, daily irritations, or hassles, have been found to correlate positively with health problems.

Although minor when compared to cataclysmic stressors, daily irritations, or _____, have been found to correlate positively with health problems.

development of the hippocampus. development of the corpus callosum. development of the amygdala.

Animal research has shown that excessive stress in a pregnant mother can impact the brain(s) of developing offspring. Which of the following are ways that offspring can be affected by stress in the pregnant mother? development of the optic nerves. development of the hippocampus. development of the corpus callosum. development of the amygdala. development of the parietal lobes.

A social network is a cluster of related people, such as family members, spouses, friends, coworkers, or neighbors.

A social _____ is a cluster of related people, such as family members, spouses, friends, coworkers, or neighbors.

A way of dealing with stress that aims to change the situation that is creating stress is problem-focused coping.

A way of dealing with stress that aims to change the situation that is creating stress is _____ coping. avoidance. stressful. problem-focused. emotion-focused.

Efforts to deal with or stress or emotions are called coping strategies.

Efforts to deal with or stress or emotions are called _____ strategies. immune. emotional. coping. homeostatic.

The buffering hypothesis states that social support works as a barrier only under certain conditions, such as a highly stressful life.

The _____ hypothesis states that social support works as a barrier only under certain conditions, such as a highly stressful life. direct effects. buffering. social network. emotional disclosure.

The response view of stress focuses on the physiological changes that occur when someone encounters an excessively challenging situation.

The _____ view of stress focuses on the physiological changes that occur when someone encounters an excessively challenging situation.

False.

True or False: Willful suppression of upsetting emotions is the best way to deal with stress.

Exhuastion

At what stage of the general adaptation syndrome do negative consequences occur when coping is inadequate? Resistance. Contemplation. Alarm. Exhaustion.

Being late on a term paper, the car breaking down, or realizing their is no money in the checking account are all situations that can create stress for us.

Being late on a term paper, the car breaking down, or realizing their is no money in the checking account are all situations that can create _____ for us.

Resistance.

Coping with stress and trying to find ways to deal with a stressor describes what level of the GAS? Resistance. Exhaustion. Alarm.

During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the individual attempts to find a way to deal with the specific stressor.

During the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the individual attempts to find a way to deal with the specific stressor. contemplation. exhaustion. alarm. resistance.

Alarm.

During what stage of the GAS does the sustained release of cortisol move from being helpful to being harmful in the long run? exhaustion. alarm. resistance.

Alarm.

During what stage of the GAS does the sustained release of cortisol move from being helpful to being harmful in the long run? resistance. exhaustion. alarm.

Efforts to deal with or manage stress or emotions are called coping strategies.

Efforts to deal with or manage stress or emotions are called _____ strategies.

Epigenetic modifications to genes that influence the transport of serotonin in synapses can significantly increase the risk of development of depression or anxiety disorders later in life.

Epigenetic modifications to genes that influence the transport of _____ in synapses can significantly increase the risk of development of depression or anxiety disorders later in life. histamine. GABA. serotonin. glutamine.

Excessive stress in a pregnant mother can affect the development of the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and corpus callosum in her offspring.

Excessive stress in a pregnant mother can affect the development of the ______, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and corpus callosum in her offspring.

Grit is related to the concept of resilience in that it refers to a person's ability to deal with adverse situations more positively and be able to stick to tasks over a long period of time.

Grit is related to the concept of resilience in that it refers to a person's ability to deal with adverse situations more positively and... decrease a person's ability to identify stress over time. use biological theory to address ways that people process stress. be able to stick to tasks over a long period of time.

I. The alarm stage. II. The resistance stage. III. The exhaustion stage.

Hans Selye developed the Generalized Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) to describe common effects on the body when demands are placed on it. Rank the 3 stages of GAS in the correct order. The Exhaustion Stage. The Alarm Stage. The resistance stage.

It is the willful suppression of upsetting emotions can lead to chronic physiological arousal and poor psychological adjustment.

How can emotion-focused coping be problematic? It is the willful suppression of upsetting emotions can lead to chronic physiological arousal and poor psychological adjustment. It takes control of the situation out of the person's hand. It focuses on the emotions produced by the stimulus and not the actual stimulus itself. It is ineffective at regulating the emotional aspects of stress.

disease onset treatment prevention

Identify all of the factors a health psychologist might study: disease onset etiology of mental disorders treatment prevention financial stressors

If one member of a social network is obese, other members are more likely to be obese also.

If one member of a social network is obese, other members are _____ likely to be obese also. more. less.

Individuals who are optimists tend to emphasize the positive and believe that things will turn out well.

Individuals who _____ tend to emphasize the positive and believe that things will turn out well. are optimists. are pessimists. engage in the act of denial. use problem-focused coping.

On failing a psychology exam, Juanita talks with her instructor about why she did so badly so that she might improve her performance in the future. This is an example of problem-focused coping.

On failing a psychology exam, Juanita talks with her instructor about why she did so badly so that she might improve her performance in the future. This is an example of ____-focused coping.

Our bodies can respond adaptively to challenge for a short period of time. The allostatic load or amount of wear and tear on the system to which the body must adapt, can become too much to bear.

Our bodies can respond adaptively to challenge for a short period of time. The _____ _____ or amount of wear and tear on the system to which the body must adapt, can become too much to bear.

Alarm. Resistance. Exhaustion.

Place the phases of the general adaptation syndrome in order, with the first placed at the top of the list. Exhaustion. Resistance. Alarm.

Research has found that serious stressors early in life can affect the amount of cortisol receptors in the hippocampus of the brain.

Research has found that serious stressors early in life can affect the amount of ____ receptors in the _____ of the brain.

Research has found that serious stressors early in life can affect the amount of cortisol receptors in the hippocampus of the brain.

Research has found that serious stressors early in life can affect the amount of _____ receptors in the _____ of the brain.

If one member of a social network is obese, other members are more likely to be obese also. Infectious diseases spread more rapidly among connected individuals than random groups.

Research has found which of the following to be among the negative, or harmful, health effects of social networks? If one member of a social network is obese, other members are more likely to be obese also. Infectious diseases spread more rapidly among connected individuals than random groups. The number of resources one has access to tends to decline within a social network. Social networks serve as buffers against the harmful effects of stress.

Social support involves both emotion-focused and problem-focused coping.

Social support involves _____. only problem-focused coping. only emotion-focused coping. both emotion-focused and problem-focused coping. neither emotion-focused nor problem-focused coping.

Stress-related cortisol release causes hippocampal dendrites to shrink, which interferes with several types of memory.

Stress-related ____ release causes hippocampal dendrites to shrink, which interferes with several types of memory.

Stress-related cortisol release causes hippocampal dendrites to shrink, which interferes with several types of memory.

Stress-related _____ release causes hippocampal dendrites to shrink, which interferes with several types of memory.

The HPA axis is a major neuroendocrine pathway involved during a stress response. As part of the HPA axis, the hypothalamus releases CRF which stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH, which in turn stimulates the adrenal gland to release cortisol.

The HPA axis is a major neuroendocrine pathway involved during a stress response. As part of the HPA axis, the _____ releases CRF which stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH, which in turn stimulates the adrenal gland to release cortisol. hippocampus. thalamus. heart. hypothalamus.

The direct effects hypothesis states that social support is beneficial to mental and physical health whether or not the person is under stress.

The ____ ____ hypothesis states that social support is beneficial to mental and physical health whether or not the person is under stress.

The allostatic load is the amount of wear and tear on the system to which the body must adapt.

The ____ ____ is the amount of wear and tear on the system to which the body must adapt.

The alarm phase of the GAS occurs when an organism initially encounters a stressor.

The ____ phase of the GAS occurs when an organism initially encounters a stressor. alarm. resistance. implementation. exhaustion.

The adrenal-medullary system is a major neuroendocrine pathway that activates sympathetic neurons which then tell the adrenal gland to release norepinephrine.

The ____-____ system is a major neuroendocrine pathway that activates sympathetic neurons which then tell the adrenal gland to release norepinephrine.

The physiological reactivity model explains how the stress response leads to an increased likelihood of illness or disease.

The _____ ____ model explains how the stress response leads to an increased likelihood of illness or disease.

The direct effects hypothesis states that social support is beneficial to mental and physical health whether or not the person is under stress.

The _____ hypothesis states that social support is beneficial to mental and physical health whether or not the person is under stress. direct effects. emotion regulation. buffering. emotional disclosure.

The adrenal-medullary system is a major neuroendocrine pathway that activates sympathetic neurons which then tell the adrenal gland to release norepinephrine.

The _____ is a major neuroendocrine pathway that activates sympathetic neurons which then tell the adrenal gland to release norepinephrine. adrenal-medullary system. hypothalamus-pituitary axis (HPA). corticotropin releasing factor.

The stimulus view of stress focuses on the stressors, the situations that cause stress.

The _____ view of stress focuses on the stressors, the situations that cause stress.

The stimulus view of stress focuses on the stressors, the situations that cause stress.

The _____ view of stress focuses on the stressors, the situations that cause stress. relational. response. stimulus. allostatic.

The response view of stress has focused on the physiological changes that occur when someone encounters an excessively challenging situation.

The _____ view of stress has focused on the physiological changes that occur when someone encounters an excessively challenging situation. heuristic. response. relational. stimulus.

The adrenal glands sit(s) atop the kidney and releases stress hormones to include catecholamines and glucocorticoids.

The ______ sit(s) atop the kidney and releases stress hormones to include catecholamines and glucocorticoids. hypothalamus. pituitary gland. adrenal glands. prefrontal cortex.

The autonomic nervous system responds to stress in ways that affect the circulatory system and respiratory systems.

The autonomic nervous system responds to stress in ways that affect the ____ and respiratory system.

The autonomic nervous system responds to stress in ways that affect the circulatory system and respiratory system.

The autonomic nervous system responds to stress in ways that affect the ______ system and respiratory system.

the circulatory system. the respiratory system.

The autonomic nervous system responds to stress in ways that affect which of the following bodily systems? the visual system. the auditory system. the circulatory system. the respiratory system.

The autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system, and the brain interact to create a range of changes in bodily systems due to stress.

The autonomic nervous system, the _____ system, and the brain interact to create a range of changes in bodily systems due to stress.

The coping strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them is known as problem-focused coping.

The coping strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them is known as... hardiness. problem-focused coping. resilience. emotion-focused coping.

The general adaptation syndrome.

There are common effects on the body when an individual is exposed to stress. They are referred to as... the general adaptation syndrome. the stages of reasoned action. the stages of change. self-determination theory.

the general adaptation syndrome.

There are common effects on the body when an individual is exposed to stress. They are referred to as... the stages of reasoned action. the general adaptation syndrome. self-determination theory. the stages of change.

Today, allostasis has largely replaced homeostasis in our understanding of how the brain regulates the body's response to challenges from the environment.

Today, ____ has largely replaced homeostasis in our understanding of how the brain regulates the body's response to challenges from the environment.

Today, allostasis has largely replaced homeostasis in our understanding of how the brain regulates the body's response to challenges from the environment.

Today, _____ has largely replaced homeostasis in our understanding of how the brain regulates the body's response to challenges from the environment.

True.

True or False: A person who is well integrated into a social network will be more likely to follow a doctor's treatment recommendations.

True.

True or False: If a person experiences extremely stressful situations early in life, epigenetic process can modify genes in such a way that the likelihood of developing certain psychological disorders is increased.

False.

True or False: Researchers agree that daily hassles are factors in health and that major life events are more strongly related to health outcomes.

True.

True or False: Shelley Taylor's research has shown that people who believe they have some control over their illness are actually happier and less stressed than less optimistic people with the same diseases, even if there is medical evidence that would discourage this belief.

True.

True or False: Sustained increases in blood pressure and heart rate may damage the cardiovascular system.

True.

True or False: Tugade and Frederickson's research found that resilient people experience quicker recover from stress-induced cardiovascular arousal.

True.

True or false: According to the GAS, all people will have a similar response to the same stressor.

True.

True or false: Finding meaning in one's life is correlated with greater happiness and longer lifespans, compared to those who do not find meaning in their lives.

False: Positive events do evoke stress in people.

True or false: Positive events do NOT evoke stress in people.

Sustained increases in blood pressure and heart rate may damage the cardiovascular system.

What are the negative health ramifications of remaining in "emergency" mode for long periods of time? People may believe you are a highly anxious or neurotic person. Increases in the number and function of immune cells. Reduced levels of cortisol which may damage the liver. Sustained increases in blood pressure and heart rate may damage the cardiovascular system.

An individual's personal appraisal of the stressful event.

What is one thing the GAS does not consider that some psychologists think is a factor in describing the human stress response? The activation of the sympathetic nervous system. An individual's personal appraisal of the stressful event. Hormone secretion by the adrenal glands. Negative consequences when coping is inadequate.

Wishful thinking or doing something to get one's mind off the situation

What is the definition of escape-avoidance? Involves regulating one's feelings or actions regarding the problem. Taking assertive action to eliminate the emotional experience. Wishful thinking or doing something to get one's mind off the situation. Involves talking to friends for the purpose of emotional support.

We show a less severe physiological response.

What is the effect of being able to anticipate a stressor? We show a less severe physiological response. It does not increase or decrease our physiological response. We show a greater physiological response. Depending on the nature of the stressor, it could cause us terror awaiting its arrival.

HPA Axis. adrenal-medullary system.

Which of the following are the two major neuroendocrine pathways stimulated by the hypothalamus during an emotional event? glucocorticoid system. mesolimbic dopamine pathway. HPA Axis. adrenal-medullary system. general adaptation system.

the endocrine system. autonomic nervous system. the brain.

Which of the following interact to create a range of changes in bodily systems as a result of stress? the endocrine system. the auditory system. autonomic nervous system. the brain. the somatosensory system.

Positive life events, such as getting married or graduating, do not evoke stress.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the types of events which can be stressful for people? Negative life events, such as traffic tickets or losing a job, can cause stress. Minor, daily hassles, such as waiting in traffic, can be stressful. Major, cataclysmic events can cause stress. Positive life events, such as getting married or graduating, do not evoke stress.

Increases heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure in support of rapid action

Which of the following is NOT a function or side effect of cortisol? Increases heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure in support of rapid action. Break down complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy. Reduces the number of immune cells in the bloodstream.

Increases heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure in support of rapid action

Which of the following is NOT a function or side effect of cortisol? Reduces the number of immune cells in the bloodstream. Break down complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy. Increases heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure in support of rapid action.

Prefrontal cortex.

Which of the following is NOT a key structure involved in the neuroendocrine system? Pituitary gland. Hypothalamus. Adrenal glands. Prefrontal cortex.

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway.

Which of the following is NOT a major neuroendocrine pathway stimulated by the hypothalamus during an emotional event? HPA Axis. Mesolimbic dopamine pathway. Adrenal-medullary system.

We fail to appraise the situation because it slips into the unconscious where it is expressed in dreams and wishes.

Which of the following is NOT a way in which appraisal can be used to deal with an environmental event? We appraise the situation as beneficial to us and so a positive emotion results. We fail to appraise the situation because it slips into the unconscious where it is expressed in dreams and wishes. We appraise the situation as threatening to us and so a negative emotion follows. We appraise the situation as neutral and so no emotion follows.

We fail to appraise the situation because it slips into the unconscious where it is expressed in dreams and wishes.

Which of the following is NOT a way in which appraisal can be used to deal with an environmental event? We appraise the situation as threatening to us and so a negative emotion follows. We fail to appraise the situation because it slips into the unconscious where it is expressed in dreams and wishes. We appraise the situation as beneficial to us and so a positive emotion results. We appraise the situation as neutral and so no emotion follows.

lasting neurological effects. increased susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging.

Which of the following is an effect of serious stressors early in life? greater resilience to challenges. lasting neurological effects. increased susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging.

Stress diminishes the capacity of the prefrontal cortex which is the brain structure associated with memory.

Which of the following statements does NOT represent an impact of stress on memory? Stress reduces neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and neocortex. Stress reduces neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Stress-related cortisol release can cause dendrites to wither and shrink, which interferes with several types of memory. Stress diminishes the capacity of the prefrontal cortex which is the brain structure associated with memory.

Stress diminishes the capacity of the prefrontal cortex which is the brain structure associated with memory.

Which of the following statements does NOT represent an impact of stress on memory? Stress-related cortisol release can cause dendrites to wither and shrink, which interferes with several types of memory. Stress diminishes the capacity of the prefrontal cortex which is the brain structure associated with memory. Stress reduces neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Stress reduces neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and neocortex.

It involves both emotion-focused and problem-focused coping.

Which type of coping does social support involve? It involves only emotion-focused coping. It involves only problem-focused coping. It involves both emotion-focused and problem-focused coping. It involves neither form of coping.

With repeated exposure to a stressor, animals enter the exhaustion stage of the GAS.

With repeated exposure to a stressor, animals enter the _____ stage of the GAS. alarm. initiation. resistance. exhaustion.

With repeated exposure to a stressor, animals enter the exhaustion stage of the GAS.

With repeated exposure to a stressor, animals enter the _____ stage of the GAS. alarm. resistance. initiation. exhaustion.

Positive psychological traits and states, such as happiness and optimism, can reduce the impact of stressors and facilitate recovery from stress.

____ psychological traits and states, such as happiness and optimism, can reduce the impact of stressors and facilitate recovery from stress.

Optimists tend to emphasize the positive, believe that things will turn out well, and see the glass as "half full" rather than "half empty."

____ tend to emphasize the positive, believe that things will turn out well, and see the glass as "half full" rather than "half empty."

Primary appraisal is an assessment of what a situation means to us.

_____ appraisal is an assessment of what a situation means to us.

Stressors are events that trigger a stress response, pushing people to their limits of control and capability.

_____ are events that trigger a stress response, pushing people to their limits of control and capability.

Stressors can be thought of as events or situations that push us to the limit or threaten our safety or well-being.

_____ can be thought of as events or situations that push us to the limit or threaten our safety or well-being. Stress. Adaptations. Stressors. Motivations.

Resilience is a personality trait that means being more flexible and able to bounce back from difficult situations.

_____ is a personality trait that means being more flexible and able to bounce back from difficult situations.

Stress is a response elicited when a situation overwhelms a person's perceived ability to meet the demands of the situation.

_____ is a response elicited when a situation overwhelms a person's perceived ability to meet the demands of the situation.

Allostasis is the body's dynamic way of responding to the world in which the body achieves stability through change.

_____ is the body's dynamic way of responding to the world in which the body achieves stability through change.

Homeostasis is the idea that, unless we are being provoked by something, we are existing in a baseline state.

_____ is the idea that, unless we are being provoked by something, we are existing in a baseline state. Allostasis. Default. Resistance. Homeostasis.

Cortisol is/are released by the adrenal glands to breakdown complex molecules in order to release energy during prolonged stress.

_____ is/are released by the adrenal glands to breakdown complex molecules in order to release energy during prolonged stress. Norepinephrine. Catecholamines. Cortisol. Glucocorticoids.

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH.

_____ stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH. Glucocorticoid. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). The limbic system. The adrenal medullary system.

Emotion-focused coping refers to the strategy that aims to manage the negative effects of stress on the individual through changing an emotional response.

_____-focused coping refers to the strategy that aims to manage the negative effects of stress on the individual through changing an emotional response.

Stressors are events that trigger a stress response, pushing people to their limits of control and capability.

______ are events that trigger a stress response, pushing people to their limits of control and capability.