Chapter 12: QUESTIONS
______ is caused by a loss of blood supply to part of the brain.
Vascular dementia
Which of the following is TRUE regarding associative long-term potentiation?
Weak synapses become stronger when firing simultaneously with strong synapses
______ can have a genetic component.
alzheimer's disease
Damage to the CA1s in both hippocampus results in ______.
moderate anterograde amnesia and minimal retrograde amnesia
memory retrieved, then consolidated
reconsolidation
Frontotemporal dementia is different from Alzheimer's disease in that ______.
there is greater language impairment and later cognitive issues
A nap can help in transferring information from the hippocampus to the cortex areas.
true
memories dissipate
forgetting
Robert got into a car accident and suffered a brain injury. He cannot remember events previous to the accident. What is wrong with Robert?
he has retrograde amnesia
Words and/or pictures help trigger the ______ to create memories.
hippocampus
Anterograde amnesia refers to difficulty in forming new memories, and retrograde amnesia refers to difficulty in retrieving previous memories.
true
Dementia refers to a substantial loss of memory and cognitive abilities.
true
During sleep, over 100 genes increase their activity.
true
Each time a memory is retrieved, it must be reconsolidated.
true
Eventually, most areas of the brain are affected by those with Alzheimer's disease as it progresses.
true
Learning is the most complex human function, yet the most frequently impaired.
true
Long-term potentiation is the strengthening of synapses, and long-term depression is the decrease in the strength of synapses.
true
Nondeclarative memory involves the amygdala because of its emotional learning component.
true
Researchers believe that sleep affects memories and learning.
true
Retrieval is associated with remembering.
true
Sleep has found to be an important time for storing long-term memories.
true
The brain changes that occur with age involve the areas related to learning.
true
The medial temporal lobe consists of the hippocampus and amygdala.
true
When presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons become increasingly stronger, they develop ______.
long-term potentiation (LTP)
______ is needed for long-term storage of declarative memories in the cortex.
sleep
If Hadara is trying to remember where she put her keys, she is likely using ______ memory.
spatial
What molecule causes an increase in the strength of the synapse after further depolarization of the cell?
the calcium MKII enzyme
What must occur before both sodium and calcium ions enter the cell?
Partial depolarization
The most common cause of dementia is ______.
Alzheimer's disease
______ involves gradually worsening brain functioning related to memory and cognitive abilities.
Alzheimer's disease
A lower level of this important protein affects memory as one ages.
RbAp48
In classical conditioning, the response someone has to a bee sting is most likely represented by neural activity between which two groups of neurons?
The strong pre-synaptic neurons and the post-synaptic neurons
In classical conditioning, the response someone has to a bee without getting stung is most likely represented by neural activity between which two groups of neurons?
The weak pre-synaptic neurons and the post-synaptic neurons
Jane has her credit card number memorized so she can easily shop online and by phone. What method is her brain using to store this information?
consolidation
______ is the process by which the brain forms a variably reliable depiction of a memory.
consolidation
______ includes subtypes of episodic, semantic, autobiographical, and spatial memories.
declarative memory
______ involves learning from memories of facts, people, and events.
declarative memory
What type of post-synaptic potential occurs when glutamate is released from the neuron terminal?
excitatory
new memories come and go
extinction
Korsakoff syndrome can be caused by low levels of alcohol consumption.
false
Memories are permanently stored in the hippocampus.
false
Memories should be permanent.
false
Brain health has shown to be enhanced by ______.
flavonoids