Chapter 12: QUESTIONS

______ is caused by a loss of blood supply to part of the brain.

Vascular dementia

Which of the following is TRUE regarding associative long-term potentiation?

Weak synapses become stronger when firing simultaneously with strong synapses

______ can have a genetic component.

alzheimer's disease

Damage to the CA1s in both hippocampus results in ______.

moderate anterograde amnesia and minimal retrograde amnesia

memory retrieved, then consolidated

reconsolidation

Frontotemporal dementia is different from Alzheimer's disease in that ______.

there is greater language impairment and later cognitive issues

A nap can help in transferring information from the hippocampus to the cortex areas.

true

memories dissipate

forgetting

Robert got into a car accident and suffered a brain injury. He cannot remember events previous to the accident. What is wrong with Robert?

he has retrograde amnesia

Words and/or pictures help trigger the ______ to create memories.

hippocampus

Anterograde amnesia refers to difficulty in forming new memories, and retrograde amnesia refers to difficulty in retrieving previous memories.

true

Dementia refers to a substantial loss of memory and cognitive abilities.

true

During sleep, over 100 genes increase their activity.

true

Each time a memory is retrieved, it must be reconsolidated.

true

Eventually, most areas of the brain are affected by those with Alzheimer's disease as it progresses.

true

Learning is the most complex human function, yet the most frequently impaired.

true

Long-term potentiation is the strengthening of synapses, and long-term depression is the decrease in the strength of synapses.

true

Nondeclarative memory involves the amygdala because of its emotional learning component.

true

Researchers believe that sleep affects memories and learning.

true

Retrieval is associated with remembering.

true

Sleep has found to be an important time for storing long-term memories.

true

The brain changes that occur with age involve the areas related to learning.

true

The medial temporal lobe consists of the hippocampus and amygdala.

true

When presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons become increasingly stronger, they develop ______.

long-term potentiation (LTP)

______ is needed for long-term storage of declarative memories in the cortex.

sleep

If Hadara is trying to remember where she put her keys, she is likely using ______ memory.

spatial

What molecule causes an increase in the strength of the synapse after further depolarization of the cell?

the calcium MKII enzyme

What must occur before both sodium and calcium ions enter the cell?

Partial depolarization

The most common cause of dementia is ______.

Alzheimer's disease

______ involves gradually worsening brain functioning related to memory and cognitive abilities.

Alzheimer's disease

A lower level of this important protein affects memory as one ages.

RbAp48

In classical conditioning, the response someone has to a bee sting is most likely represented by neural activity between which two groups of neurons?

The strong pre-synaptic neurons and the post-synaptic neurons

In classical conditioning, the response someone has to a bee without getting stung is most likely represented by neural activity between which two groups of neurons?

The weak pre-synaptic neurons and the post-synaptic neurons

Jane has her credit card number memorized so she can easily shop online and by phone. What method is her brain using to store this information?

consolidation

______ is the process by which the brain forms a variably reliable depiction of a memory.

consolidation

______ includes subtypes of episodic, semantic, autobiographical, and spatial memories.

declarative memory

______ involves learning from memories of facts, people, and events.

declarative memory

What type of post-synaptic potential occurs when glutamate is released from the neuron terminal?

excitatory

new memories come and go

extinction

Korsakoff syndrome can be caused by low levels of alcohol consumption.

false

Memories are permanently stored in the hippocampus.

false

Memories should be permanent.

false

Brain health has shown to be enhanced by ______.

flavonoids