Chapter 12
signpost
a verbal or nonverbal organizational signal
recency
arrangement of ideas from least important to most important or weakest to strongest
primacy
arrangement of ideas from most important to least important or strongest to weakest
complexity
arranging ideas from simple to more complex
strategies for organizing supporting material (6)
chronology, recency, primacy, complexity, specificity, soft to hard
standard outline format
conventional use of lettered headings and subheadings to indicate the relationships among parts of a presentation
preparation outline
detailed outline of a presentation including central idea, main ideas, supporting material, and may also include specific purpose, intro, and conclusion
nonverbal transition
facial expression, vocal cue, or physical movement that indicates that a speaker is moving from one idea to the next
initial preview
first statement of the main ideas of a presentation, usually presented with or near the central idea
goals of introduction (6)
get the audiences attention, introduce the topic, give the audience a reason to listen, establish credibility, state central idea, preview main ideas
soft evidence
illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, analogies, and opinions
spatial organization
organization according to location, position, or direction
cause-and-effect organization
organization by discussing a situation and its causes or a situation and its effects
problem-solution organization
organization by discussing first a problem and then various solutions
chronological organization
organization by time or sequence
topical organization
organization determined by the speakers discretion or by recency, primacy, or complexity
specificity
organization from specific information to a more general statement or from a general statement to specific information
internal preview
preview within the speech that introduces ideas still to come
final summary
recap of al the main points of a presentation, usually occurring before or during the conclusion
summary
recap of what has been said
internal summary
recap within presentation of what has been said so far
closure
sense that a presentation is finished
preview
statement of what is to come
hard evidence
statistics
goals of conclusion (4)
summarize presentation, reemphasize central idea in a memorable way, motivate the audience to respond, provide closure
strategies for organizing main ideas (5)
topical, chronological, spatial, cause/effect, problem/solution
verbal transition
word or phrase that indicates relationship between two ideas
transition
word, phrase, or nonverbal cue that indicates movement from one idea to the next or the relationship between ideas
