Immigration exam 1

From the lecture, why were there small but significant Haitian and African populations going into Mexico?

a) Mexicans created the transmigrant visa that allowed them to cross through Mexico to get to the US border.***

The first year that boarder control apprehended more migrants from ____ than Mexicans was in the 2014 fiscal year.

d.) Central America***

geopolitical events

geopolitical events since the early 1990s changed the composition of refugees admitted into the United States. In the 1990s the flows of Cambodians and Laotians slowed to a trickle, while new waves of refugees were ushered in from the successor republics of the former Soviet Union. They were joined by Bosnians, Croats, Serbs, Iraqis, and Somalis coming as refugees in the wake of American interventions in their respective countries. For these newer arrivals a pattern of dispersal to new destinations, similar to that experienced by earlier refugee groups, was the norm. In 2001 the two most common destinations for newly admitted refugees from the former Yugoslavia were Chicago (9 percent) and St. Louis (5 percent); for those from the former USSR it was New York (16 percent) and Sacramento (13 percent); and for Iraqis Detroit (19 percent) and San Diego (12 percent)..

In 2018, as part of ICE's Endgame, the majority of deportations were ___

non-criminals**

1924 National Origins Act

-A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s. -The Immigration Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census.

"pull" of American wages

-After 1870, indicators of economic development began to precede mass migration -recruiters sent to Europe advertising american wages -made a mark on italian and eastern european peasants

Transatlantic political economy

-Great wave of European immigration was a product of this -Had a lot to do with industrialization -immigration to the United States provided a welcome alternative to population groups displaced by revolutionary changes in agriculture and industry; and thus facilitated, in no small measure, the course of industrialization in the European countries..

Locational patterns

-It is not by chance that the bulk of European immigrants at the turn of the twentieth century settled along the mid- and north-Atlantic seaboard while their Asian counterparts settled in California and other Pacific states. It is also not surprising that the bulk of early Mexican immigration concentrated in the Southwest, especially along the border. For immigrant workers, proximity to the homeland has two important economic consequences: first, for those who come on their own, it reduces the costs of the journey; second, for everyone, it reduces the costs of return, which most labor migrants plan to undertake at some point. In those cases where migration occurs along a land border, as with Mexicans, proximity to the sending area also provides a familiar physical and climatic environment. -The impact of propinquity is most vividly reflected in those immigrant communities established right by the waterside, at points of debarkation in port cities of both coasts. The Little Italys huddled close to the water in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and the Chinatowns of San Francisco, Los Angeles, and other cities offer living testimony of a type of immigration that, having reached U.S. shores, would go no farther. -This is not the whole story, however, because many other groups pushed inland. For foreign laborers, the decisive factor for the latter type of settlement was recruitment either in the home country or at ports of entry. The concentration of some central and eastern European peoples in the Midwest reflects the development of heavy industry in this area more than a century ago—first steel and later auto making. This concentration was coupled with the minimal skills required for most new industrial jobs, which made recruiting cheap immigrant labor attractive to employers. Consequences of this recruitment pattern have long endured. While only 4 percent of the foreign-born population of the United States in 2000 lived in Ohio, it was the home state of 15 percent of the nation's Croatians, 14 percent of the Hungarians, 15 percent of the Serbs, 22 percent of the Slovaks, and 45 percent of the Slovenians, whose ancestors had come a century earlier.3

Bracero Program

-Tens of thousands of Mexican contract workers went to work for American farms and ranches, reproducing the pre-Depression labor scene. From the viewpoint of their employees, braceros (physical laborers) proved so pliable and productive that they insisted on the continuation of the program after the war's end. As seen in table 6, from a modest start in the post-World War II years the program reached almost half a million workers over the next decade. By the time it ended in 1964, some twenty-eight states had received several million braceros—one of the largest state-managed labor migrations in history. Tellingly, during the twenty-two years of the Bracero Program, no farm labor union ever succeeded in organizing or carrying out a strike. -Program ensured the continuity of the migration from south of the border, thus renewing and strengthening the bonds of the Mexican American population with its country of origin. This did not happen to the children of Europeans and Asians for whom the cutoff of migration in the 1920s inexorably weakened cultural and linguistic ties, forcing them to become American in one form or another.

Great Depression

-The Great Depression proved to be the greatest immigrant-control measure of all times, since no matter what the quota was, foreigners had no incentive to come and join the masses of unemployed Americans. As shown in table 5, while immigrant arrivals, aged sixteen to forty-four, surpassed one million and reached 4 percent of the adult labor force in 1907, by 1932 only twenty-two thousand newcomers arrived, not even reaching 0.1 percent of the domestic labor force. -marked the period of immigrant retrenchment -The suffering of the 1930s was shared by the children of natives and immigrants alike, forging new social and cultural bonds out of common adversity. These bonds were much strengthened when youths of all ethnic origins found themselves in the trenches. Fighting platoons had no time for discrimination so that men whose parents had been at each other's throats because of racial or ethnic differences came into close and prolonged contact. As an outgrowth of the war, prejudice and hostility against the children of Europeans became largely a thing of the past.

Dimensions along which contemporary immigrants to the US differ

-The first dimension their personal resources, in terms of material and human capital. The first dimension ranges from foreigners who arrive with investment capital or are endowed with high educational credentials to those who have only their labor to sell. -The second is their classification by the government. The second dimension ranges from migrants who arrive legally and receive governmental resettlement assistance to those who are categorized as illegals and are persecuted accordingly.

Labor migrants

-The movement of foreign workers in search of menial and generally low-paying jobs -has represented the bulk of immigration, both legal and undocumented, in recent years. -First, migrants can cross the border on foot or with the help of a smuggler, or they may overstay a U.S. tourist visa. -A second channel of entry is to come legally by using one of the family-reunification preferences of the immigration law (left untouched, for the most part, by the 1986 reform and reaffirmed by the Immigration Act of 1990). This avenue is open primarily to immigrants who have first entered the United States without legal papers or for temporary periods and who have subsequently married a U.S. citizen or legal resident. -The last avenue for labor migrants is to come as contract laborers. There is a provision in the 1965 Immigration Act for the importation of temporary foreign laborers when a supply of "willing and able" domestic workers cannot be found. This provision was maintained and actually liberalized by the 1986 reform.

ethnic enclave economy

-a geographic area with high ethnic concentration, characteristic cultural identity, and economic activity. The term is usually used to refer to either a residential area or a workspace with a high concentration of ethnic firms. -example is cubans in miami -many immigrants, ie chinese and inidan, prefer locations where an ethnic enclave economy already exists -Koreans in LA

Political refugees

-a refugee from an oppressive government -locational patterns usually decided by the government or resettlement agencies -purpose was to diffuse them from points of origin so they could assimilate into culture

Contemporary immigration

-current immigrants? -settlement decisions mainly influenced by their compatriots in the past -bias towards major metropolitan areas, reflects pattern of last several decades

The Knights of Labor

-labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms -Naturally, the native working class vigorously, and often violently, resisted the changes engineered by industrial capitalists. Better than any other movement, the Knights of Labor exemplified this resistance. -put forward an ideology of universal brotherhood among all workers and of radical transformation of the capitalist factory system, -was the first major labor organization in the United States. The Knights organized unskilled and skilled workers, campaigned for an eight hour workday, and aspired to form a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked.

Family sponsorship

-led southeast asians to have increasing concentrations in their preferred locations

New 1965 Immigration Act

-one of the principal consequences of the 1965 Immigration Act was to provide this avenue of legalization to unauthorized migrants. Spouses of U.S. citizens are given priority because they are exempted from global quota limits. Year after year, the vast majority of legal Mexican migrants have arrived under family reunification preferences. In 2002, for example, out of a total of 219,380 Mexicans admitted for legal residence, 58,602 (26.7 percent) came under the worldwide quota as family-sponsored entries, and an additional 150,963 (68.8 percent) arrived outside quota limits as immediate relatives of U.S. citizens.53 In 2010 total legal Mexican migration had dropped to 139,120, but out of these, 24.5 percent arrived under the quota as family preferences and 63.7 percent as quota-exempt immediate relatives.54 As we noted previously, these were mostly returnees with prior lengthy residences in the United States. -The last avenue for labor migrants is to come as contract laborers. There is a provision in the 1965 Immigration Act for the importation of temporary foreign laborers when a supply of "willing and able" domestic workers cannot be found. This provision was maintained and actually liberalized by the 1986 reform. In both cases the Secretary of Labor has to certify that a labor shortage exists before foreign workers are granted a visa. Because the procedure is cumbersome, few employers sought labor in this manner in the past. An exception is the sugar industry in Florida, for which "H-2" workers, as they were labeled, were the mainstay of its cane-cutting labor force for many years. Most of these contract workers came from the West Indies.55 -The Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965, also known as the Hart-Celler Act, abolished an earlier quota system based on national origin and established a new immigration policy based on reuniting immigrant families and attracting skilled labor to the United States

Search of reliable labor by capitalist firms

-poor working conditions led immigrant laborers to become aggressive and even militant, which set a stage for capitlaist firms to search for a new source of pliable labor -The identification of this alternative labor source represented the third economic force buttressing the restrictionist movement that finally triumphed in the mid-1920s. As we will see in the next chapter, the activation of the massive black labor reserves in the American South provided the impulse for the emergence of a split labor market in industry, marked by major differences in pay and work conditions between white and black workers

Anti-immigrant sentiment

-the mass of peasant immigration from catholic european countries sparked an anti-immigrant sentiment from american natives -they saw the relentless flow of foreigners as a direct threat -First, skilled native workers and their organizations were pushed aside by the onslaught of unskilled migrant labor. -Second, there was a general malaise among the native population at being surrounded by a sea of foreign faces, accents, and religious practices and at finding themselves increasingly cast as "outsiders in their own land." -Nativist reactions took multiple forms, from violent attacks and lynching of foreigners to organized campaigns to Americanize them as quickly as possible.

Which is the number one reason that leads to an urgency to migrate?

A) Personal lethal threat***

Under Trump's administration, the zero-tolerance policy was enacted to do which of the following:

A. Criminally prosecute anyone who crosses the border without a visa**

In the 1970's, a hostage event that occurred in Iran ruined more than 30 years of strong ____ ties.

A. Cultural B. Political C. Economic D. All the above*****

What countries make up the Northern Triangle?

A. Guatemala B. Honduras C. El Salvador D. All of the above****

Based on the US Interdictions at sea, the most often caught are the Cubans. Who are the least caught?

A. Mexican***

According to Portes and Rumbaut, what are the two main dimensions within which immigrants differ?

A. Personal resources and classification by the government**

Refugees

Anyone with a well-founded fear of persecution or physical harm, regardless of the political bent of his or her country's regime.

What did the Bracero Program do?

B) Allowed Mexican labor to enter the US ***

Which economic factor aided in the transformation of the U.S. labor market into an hourglass economy?

B) An increase in the service economy***

One reason that a plethora of Chinese individuals suddenly migrated over to California in the 1850's was...

B. California Gold Rush *****

What protection does the Temporary Protected Status (TPS) grant migrants?

B. Delayed deportation until conditions in their country of national origin improves **

Under what circumstances will the U.S. cancel a deportation?

B. Exceptional and extremely unusual Hardship**

In the ending of the film "Which Way Home", which child ended up in an orphanage in Washington after a second failed attempt to cross the US border?

B. Kevin ***

Under what Presidency did the Wet-foot/Dry-foot policy for Cubans ended?

B. Obama****

In chapter 1 of Iranians in Texas, U.S. District Judge Joyce Green ruled that singling out Iranians for possible deportation was unfair and violated ____________?

B. The equal protection guarantee of the Fifth Amendment**

Mexican migration and its cyclical character

Because the border and their home communities were relatively close, Mexican migrants found reverse migration a much easier enterprise than did Europeans or Asians. Indeed, the normative behavior among Mexican male workers was to go home after the harvest or after their contract with railroad companies had expired. This practice, together with the predominantly nonurban destinations of the Mexican labor flow, reduced its visibility, making it a less tempting target for nativist movements of the time than the Italians and Poles.

What development(s) in Europe caused the displacement of peasants and drove many to the United States, resulting in the Great European Wave of 1880-1930, according to Portes and Rumbaut?

C. The Industrial Revolution**

Urban Phenomenon

Book describes immigration to the US today as an urban phenomenon

Social and moral resources

By moving away from places where their own group is numerically strong, individuals risk losing a range of social and moral resources that make for psychological wellbeing as well as for economic gain. A large minority that becomes dispersed risks lacking a significant presence or voice anywhere; in contrast, even a small group, if sufficiently concentrated, can have economic and political influence locally. For members of the immigrant generation, spatial concentration has several positive consequences: preservation of a valued lifestyle, regulation of the pace of acculturation, greater social control over the young, and access to community networks for both moral and economic support.

According to Portes and Rumbaut, which immigration act marked the end of the quota system, which ultimately led to the emergence of the "Hourglass Economy" in the US ?

C) New 1965 Immigration Act***

The Bracero Program of Mexican importation of labor happened during which wave?

C. 4th****

According to Iranians in Texas, what was one specific initiative that directly affected young Iranian men and facilitated their return to Iran?

C. Change in military draft policies**

What law signed by President Reagan granted amnesty to Mobasher and foreigners, who had lived in the United States illegally since before January 1, 1982,to change their status from permanent resident and eventually to U.S. citizen?

C. Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986**

Which development caused the production of coffee in Central American and Southern Mexico to decline and created the migration of unemployed coffee workers into the US?

C. Vietnamese producing coffee in the world economy trade***

American waltz

Conflict between labor demand and identity politics. Example was the Arizona police guy Joe Arapaio who persecuted any non-white person and an american culture that accepted this but also utilized immigrants for labor.

Which of the following is the definition of an enclave?

D) A neighborhood area that is separate from a major area of concentration but has a small concentration of immigrants from the same ethnic group *

Following Asia and Latin America, what world region holds the next largest number of lawful permanent residents in the United States?

D) Africa***

According to the lecture, people of what status in the US are protected from deportations?

D) US citizens ***

Which act, passed in 1996, instilled a new fear in US migrant environments by making deportable offenses retroactive without limit?

D. IIRIRA: Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ***

According to lecture, what is the most basic overarching social process for human existence?

D. social reproduction***

Priority workers, professional immigrants, and "brain drain"

Idk... i know this one

"back door" of immigration

In effect, through various loopholes and administrative devices, the federal government endeavored to keep the "back door" of immigration open to Western capital, while closing it to new southern and eastern European migrants. For reasons we have already seen, Europeans had ceased to be a preferred source of unskilled industrial labor, but while their replacements could be sourced from domestic labor reserves, the same was not the case in the West. There, foreign workers, this time from south of the border, continued to be in high demand for many years as the human instruments to fuel an expanding economy.

Cuban Refugees

Like immigrants of the same nationality, Cuban "refugees" in 1987 were not new arrivals but mostly individuals who had come during the Mariel boat lift and then adjusted their earlier "entrant" status. After the initial resettlement period, Mariel refugees were free to select their place of residence. Like other Cubans, they gravitated heavily toward South Florida. As table 12 shows, 78.5 percent of all 1987 Cuban refugees and 76.5 percent of all 1993 Cuban refugees settled in Miami, as did 66 percent of all Cubans admitted in 2001.n.

In the institutional sphere of public security, which of the following is a macro-level reason that affects migration?

Limited or non-existent enforcement***

Preexisting networks

Migration is a network-driven process, and the operation of kin and friendship ties is nowhere more effective than in guiding new arrivals toward preexisting ethnic communities. This process may continue indefinitely and accounts for the high concentration of most foreign groups in certain regions of the country and their near absence from others.

Entrepreneurial minorities

Tend to settle in large urban areas that provide proximity to markets and sources of labor. Like working-class migrants, foreign entrepreneurs are often found in the areas of principal ethnic concentration because of the cheap labor, protected markets, and access to credit that they make available. This is the case, for example, of Koreans, concentrated in Los Angeles; Chinese entrepreneurs in Los Angeles, San Francisco, and New York; and Cubans in Miami. However, other business-minded immigrants choose to move away from areas of ethnic concentration to pursue economic opportunity. The latter are commonly found in the role of intermediary merchants and lenders to domestic minorities. Koreans and Chinese in several East Coast cities and Cubans in Puerto Rico provide contemporary examples.

Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)

The Immigration Reform and Control Act altered US immigration law by making it illegal to hire illegal immigrants knowingly and establishing financial and other penalties for companies that employed illegal immigrants. The act also legalized most undocumented immigrants who had arrived in the country prior to January 1, 1982.

Asylee

The legal difference between a refugee and an asylee hinges on the physical location of the person. Both types are recognized by the government as having a well-founded fear of persecution, but whereas the first still lives abroad and must be transported to the United States, the second is already within U.S. territory. This difference is important because it makes the refugee flows conform more closely to the government's overall foreign policy, while would-be asylees confront authorities with a fait accompli to be handled on the spot.

Locational decisions

The locational decisions of all major contemporary inflows reflect both historical patterns of settlement and types of contemporary immigrants. The most concentrated and least rural are Cubans, 69 percent of whom settled in Miami. In 2011, as in prior years, recorded immigration from Cuba did not correspond to actual arrivals but was formed instead by former political refugees who adjusted their legal status. As refugees, Cubans were far more dispersed following the deliberate resettlement policy of government agencies. The high concentration of Cubans as "immigrants" thus reflects voluntary individual decisions to migrate back to South Florida. As a result the majority of the city of Miami's population is today of Cuban origin, and about two-thirds of the metropolitan population of Miami-Dade County is now classified as Hispanic or Latino. Undoubtedly, geography and climate have played a role in the process, but more important seems to have been the business and employment opportunities made available by the emergence of an ethnic-enclave economy in the area.

the structural significance and the change potential (transformation of the cultural landscape)of migrant flows

There is no question that the great early twentieth-century migrations had enormous structural importance for the American economy. They were the sine qua non for the industrial revolution of the time, and this was, from the point of view of white American elites, almost their sole raison d'être. That effect did not so much change American society as reinforce its existing structures of wealth and power. The actual social transformations wrought in the fabric of society by these flows came largely as unanticipated consequences of their numbers and their cultural backgrounds.

Ethnic communities

These provided a support network that helped immigrants get adjusted to their new life in America and still exist today in America's major cities.

Concentration and diffusion

These various causal processes have led to a settlement pattern among recent immigrants to the United States that combines two apparently contradictory outcomes: concentration, because a few states and metropolitan areas receive a disproportionate number of the newcomers, and diffusion, because immigrants are found in every state of the Union and because different immigrant types vary significantly in their locational decisions

Spatial concentration

When significant numbers of people from the same group, such as a racial or ethnic group, live in the same physical location, such as a neighborhood or city.

The first wave of Immigration that took place between 1820 and 1870 was a direct result of economic restructuring from that of a craft work economy to a _____ dependent economy.

a.) Factory***

Someone who moves somewhere else is a Migrant, whereas someone who inters a country is a(n)___.

a.) Immigrant***

The Knights of Labor was influential in the late 19th century because they were ___

b) artisan workers who fought against industrialization and immigration**

How do professional immigrants differ from labor migrants?

b. ) Labor Migrants are unskilled workers who occupy jobs at the bottom of the chain while professional immigrants are priority workers (doctors, dentists, people with advanced degrees). c) Professional immigrants are the most rapidly assimilated group of migrants and labor migrants perform and sell physical labor. d) Both B and C***

There are many different types of Visas, in order to apply and obtain a U.S. Visa you need to be sponsored by either a family member or an employer, an exception to this rule is a ______ Visa.

b.) Victims of trafficking and crimes ***

Homicide rates (per 100,000) in 2019 in different countries show that Honduras and ____ (a US city) had the same amount homicide rates.

c.) Detroit***

According to lecture, NGO and religious groups response to the reality that hundreds of migrants die per year in their attempt to cross the border are due to their (migrants) beliefs that "they have no other alternatives ". On the other hand, DHS ( United States Department of Homeland Security) says that _____.

c.) Migrants and smugglers make the decision to migrate***

Which theory, or theories, does the author of Iranians in Texas assert is a fully plausible explanation of the Iranian immigrant's double ambivalence?

d) Neither Park's "marginal man" nor Merton's "sociological ambivalence" **

Hourglass economy

high demand exists, at the low end, for unskilled and menial service workers and, at the high end, for professionals and technicians—with diminishing opportunities for well-paid employment in between.

Major areas of concentration

idk

Pioneering migrants

whether settling close to places of arrival, following labor recruiters inland, or charting an independent course through farming and urban trade in different locations—had a decisive influence on later migrants. Once a group settled in a certain place, the destination of later cohorts from the same country often became a foregone conclusion. Migration is a network-driven process, and the operation of kin and friendship ties is nowhere more effective than in guiding new arrivals toward preexisting ethnic communities. This process may continue indefinitely and accounts for the high concentration of most foreign groups in certain regions of the country and their near absence from others.