Chapter 12: Religion, Romanticism, and Reform

These people were members of the liberal New England Congregationalists offshoot, who profess the oneness of God and the goodness of rational worshippers, often well-educated and wealthy:

Unitarians

These people were generally working-class members of a New England religious movement, who believed in a merciful God and universal salvation:

Universalists

Thoreau took to the woods to live in a tiny, one-room cabin he had built at _____________, a mile outside of Concord.

Walden Pond

This New York journalist/poet wrote excitedly about industrial development, urban life, working men, sailors, and "simple humanity":

Walt Whitman

By the end of 1848, the Mormons had developed an irrigation system for their farms, and over the next decade they brought about

a spectacular greening of the Utah desert

By following the teachings of Jesus and trusting their own consciences, ______ people were eligible for salvation

all

The result of the Mormons adopting polygamy was not only a split in the church but also

an attack of Nauvoo by non-Mormons who were outraged by Smith's display of absolute authority and his practicing polygamy

Thoreau harbored a freedom seeker and considered President James K. Polk's declaration of war against Mexico

an unjust action pushed by southern cotton planters eager to add more slave territory

All of the following are true of Ralph Waldo Emerson except: *graduated from Harvard College in 1821 and became a Unitarian parson in 1829 *after his wife died, he sought to cultivate a personal spirituality in communion with nature *led a crusade to end America's dependence on European literary and artistic traditions *as much as he celebrated self-reliance, he secretly yearned for interdependence

as much as he celebrated self-reliance, he secretly yearned for interdependence

A favorite tactic of the ASPT was to

ask everyone who pledged to uit drinking to put by their signature a letter T for "total abstinence"

All of the following are true of transcendentalism except: *the inner life of the spirit took priority over the hard facts of science and the rigidities of organized religion *believed in interdependence over group conformity and embraced a pure form of personal spirituality uncorrupted by theological dogma and denominational creeds *thoughts and behaviors transcend (or rise above) the limits of reason and logic *rejected both religious orthodoxy and the "corpse-cold" rationalism of Unitarianism

believed in interdependence over group conformity and embraced a pure form of personal spirituality uncorrupted by theological dogma and denominational creeds

Before 1800, the insane were usually

confined at home, with hired keepers, or in jails or almshouses, where homeless debtors were housed

This was the pervasive nineteenth-century ideology urging women to celebrate their role as manager of the household and nurturer of the children:

cult of domesticity

The strong desire for statehood finally led the Mormons to disavow polygamy, thereby

enabling Utah to be admitted as a state

Baptist theology was grounded in biblical fundamentalism--a certainty that

every word and story in the Bible were literally true

Since the Presbyterians and the Congregationalists agreed on theology, they were able to

form unified congregations and "call" (recruit) a minister from either denomination

Whitman's poems, remarkable for their energy, exuberance, and intimacy, were seasoned with

frank sexuality and homoerotic overtones

This religious revival movement within the Second Great Awakening took place in frontier churches in western territories and states in the early nineteenth century:

frontier revivals

Both the construction of and traffic on the Erie Canal turned many towns into rollicking scenes of lawlessness:

gambling, prostitution, public drunkenness, and crime

All of the following are true of Henry David Thoreau except: *graduated from Harvard, worked as a lawyer, and then helped his father, a celebrated pencil maker *showed little interest in social life and no interest in wealth *frequently escaped to the woods because he believed at the earth was a form of poetry, full of hidden meanings *yearned to escape the constraints of stuffy traditions, unjust laws, and the opinions of his elders

graduated from Harvard, worked as a lawyer, and then helped his father, a celebrated pencil maker

All of the following are true of Charles Grandison Finney except: *built a huge church in New York City to accommodate his rapidly growing congregation *his Northeast audiences attracted more-prosperous seekers *his array of religious groups were not yet designed to reform slavery *focused on one question: What role can the individual play in earning salvation?

his array of religious groups were not yet designed to reform slavery

By choosing Christ, a convert could thereafter be free of sin, but Christians also had an obligation to

improve society by perfecting themselves

When an opposition newspaper was destroyed, Smith and his brother Hyrum were arrested and charged with

incited a riot

During the nineteenth century, AME extended its outreach,

initiating the first civil rights movement and promoting economic and educational opportunities for people of color

Universalists stressed that believers must

liberate themselves from the rule of priests and ministers and use their own God-given reasoning to explore the mysteries of existence

Dickinson's often-abstract themes were elemental:

life, death, fear, loneliness, nature, and above all, the withdraw of God

Free African Americans were attracted to the emotional energies of the Methodist and Baptist churches, in part because

many White circuit riders opposed slavery

Thoreau urged readers to

open their eyes and hearts to the infinite spontaneity of everyday sensory experiences

Both women and men belonging to evangelical societies famed out across America to

organize Sunday schools, spread the gospel, and distribute Bibles to the children of the working poor

This place developed as a new approach to reforming criminals, where the guilty paid for their rimes but also underwent rehabilitation:

penitentiary

Romantics believed that

people are innately good and capable of perfection

Deists believed that by using reason and scientific research,

people might grasp the natural laws governing the universe

Newer denominations, especially Baptists and Methodists, 20 percent of whom were African American, attracted excited followers by

promoting more-democratic principles and allowing individual congregations to exercise more power than did the Anglican Church

These places emerged for the treatment of social ills, but often became breeding grounds for brutality and neglect:

public institutions (asylums)

Thoreau's disgust for the war led him to

refuse to pay taxes, for which he was put in jail (for only one night; an aunt paid his overdue bill)

Those who feared the rise of Jacksonian democracy and worried about the surge of poor immigrants from Ireland and Germany, or who dreaded change itself, viewed reform as a means of

restoring social control

The central theme of Hawthorne's novels was

sin and its consequences: pride and selfishness, secret guilt, and the impossibility of rooting sin out of the human soul

Racial tensions increased as the mostly White Methodist congregations required Blacks to

sit in designated pews

As readership soared, the content of the papers expanded beyond political news and commentary to include

society gossip, sports, and reports of sensational crimes and accidents

This widespread reform movement led by militant Christians that focused on reducing the use of alcoholic beverages:

temperance

The Methodists developed the most effective evangelical method of all:

the "circuit rider,", a traveling evangelist on horseback, who sought out converts in remote frontier settlements

In 1816, as racial discrimination continued, Richard Allen helped found a new denomination:

the African Methodist Episcopal Church

This document was based on the Declaration of Independence and called for gender equality, written primarily by Stanton and signed by Seneca Falls Convention delegates:

the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments

Margaret Fuller helped launch and edit this experimental transcendentalist magazine, which introduced Romanticism to readers:

the Dial

Within five years, Nauvoo had become the second largest city in the state, and Joseph Smith, the Prophet, and his saints referred to it as

the Kingdom of God

In France, this society demanded that women receive equal political rights:

the Society for the Emancipation for Women

This club formed in 1836 began to meet in Boston and nearby Concord to discuss philosophy, literature, and religion:

the Transcendental Club

In 1848, Mexico signed this treaty, transferring to the United States what are now California, Nevada, Utah, Texas, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming:

the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Women flocked to the revivals and served as

the backbone of religious life on the frontier

Western New York experienced so much evangelical activity that people labeled it

the burned-over district

Advocates argued that the penitentiary system had a beneficial effect on the prisoners and saved money, since

the facility's workshops supplied prison needs and produced goods for sale at a profit

In their search for a promised land freed from persecution, the Mormons moved from Western New York to Ohio, then to Missouri, where

the governor called for them to be "exterminated or driven from the state"

The continuing influence of Thoreau's creed of individual action against injustice shows

the impact that a thoughtful person can have on an imperfect world

Salvation was "universal", available to everyone through

the sacrifice of Jesus

This ideal involved the philosophy of New England writers and thinkers who advocated personal spirituality, self-reliance, social reform, and harmony with nature:

transcendentalism

The availability of newspapers costing only a penny

transformed daily reading into a form of popular entertainment

These people believed in a rational God--the creator of the rational universe--and that all people were equals in the eyes of God:

Deists

The Mormons organized their own state, named

Deseret

The most important figure in boosting awareness of the plight of the mentally ill was this Boston schoolteacher, who was asked to instruct a Sunday-school class at a prison in 1841:

Dorothea Lynde Dix

This poet was fascinated by the menace of death:

Edgar Allan Poe

This New England poet found independence and self-expression in her poetry:

Emily Dickinson

To help erase their pro-British image, Virginia Anglicans renamed themselves

Episcopalians

The "circuit rider" system began with this British-born revivalist, who scoured the Ohio Valley for lost souls, traveling across fifteen states and preaching thousands of sermons:

Francis Asbury

Unitarians abandoned the concept of the Trinity that had long been central to the Christian faith, believed instead that

God and Jesus were separate

Smith pushed conventional and marital boundaries when he announced that

God wanted men to have multiple wives--"plural marriage" (polygamy)

In keeping with the teachings of Jesus and the democratic spirit of the times, Smith maintained that

God, angels, and people were all members of the same flesh-and-blood species

This person, who was Emerson's younger friend, practiced the thoughtful self-reliance and pursuit of perfection that Emerson preached:

Henry David Thoreau

This poet was a New Yorker who went out to sea as a youth:

Herman Melville

This Scots-Irish Presbyterian minister invited Protestants to attend the 1801 camp meeting, and as many as 20,00 camped in tents for nine days in this event in American history:

James McGready; the Great Revival

This free Black was the first African American woman to be allowed to preach in the AME at a time when women were banned from preaching:

Jarena Lee

This person, who was the founder of Mormonism, was born and raised amid the excitement of revivalism:

Joseph Smith Jr.

This poet was not only known for providing the lyrics to the "Battle Hymn of the Republic", but also for providing testimony to the deadening aspects of the cult of domesticity:

Julia Ward Howe

Evangelists and "exhorters" with colorful nicknames such as _______________, ______________, and _____________ found ready audiences among lonely frontier folk hungry for spiritual intensity and a more authentic sense of community:

Jumpin' Jesus; Crazy Dow; Mad Isaac

These two prominent women's rights advocates/abolitionists called a convention of men and women to gather in Seneca Falls to discuss "the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women":

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

This prominent preacher and champion of evangelical Christian revivalism stressed that the Second Great Awakening was not focused simply on promoting individual conversions; it was also intended to "reform human society":

Lyman Beecher

This classic essay by Thoreau would influence Martin Luther King, Jr. in shaping the civil rights movement 100 years later:

"Civil Disobedience"

This essay by Emerson expressed the transcendentalist ideal of intellectual independence:

"Self-Reliance"

This poem by Poe tells about a man who lost his lover, which made him a household name:

"The Raven"

The Mormons renamed the town of Commerce, Illinois Nauvoo, a rough translation of a Hebrew word meaning

"beautiful land"

At the end of the eighteenth century, ministers visiting the western territories reported that there were few frontier churches and few people attending them. To remedy the situation, traveling evangelists organized

"camp meetings"

Fears that Americans were turning away from the Protestant faith led Lyman Beecher and other evangelicals to found these societies, all designed to shore up the centrality of religion and churches in community life:

*American Bible Society *American Sunday School Union *American Tract Society

In his role as the Prophet and conveyor of the gospel, Smith

*dismissed as frauds all Christian denominations *criticized the sins of the rich *preached universal salvation *denied that there was a hell *urged his followers to avoid liquor, tobacco, and caffeine *asserted that the Second Coming of Christ was near

In 1780, the nation had only 50 Methodist church; by 1860, there were _________, far more than any other denomination

20,000

In 1826, a group of ministers in Boston were organized into this, which sponsored lectures, press campaigns, and the formation of local and state societies:

American Society for the Promotion of Temperance

This union passed a resolution that liquor ought to be prohibited by law and latter called for abstinence from all alcoholic beverages--which caused moderates to abstain from the temperance movement:

American Temperance Union

The Mormons quickly found a new leader in the charismatic

Brigham Young

The first large camp meeting occurred in 1801 on a Kentucky hillside called _____________, east of Lexington.

Cane Ridge

The most successful evangelist in the burned-over district was this former-attorney-turned Presbyterian minister:

Charles Grandison Finney

After Asbury, this man emerged as the most successful circuit rider:

Peter Cartwright

This woman hosted prayer meetings in her New York City home that included men as well as women:

Phoebe Worrall Palmer

This person embodied the transcendentalist gospel and believed that self-knowledge opened the doors to self-improvement and self-realization:

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Religious activity in New England colleges and the backwoods of Tennessee and Kentucky shared the same simple message:

Salvation is available to anyone who repents and embraces Christ

This religious revival movement arose in reaction to the growth of secularism and rationalist religion; spurred the growth of Baptist and Methodist denominations:

Second Great Awakening

This convention organized by Mott and Stanton promoted women's rights:

Seneca Falls Convention

In 1830, either Smith or a friend of his paid for the publication of the first 5,00 copies of the 500-page text he called

The Book of Mormon: An Account written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates Taken from the plates of Nephi

This novel by Melville tells of Captain Ahab's obsessive quest for an "accursed" white whale that had devoured his leg:

Moby-Dick

This Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, founded by Joseph Smith, emphasized universal salvation and a modest lifestyle; often persecuted for separateness and practice of polygamy:

Mormon Church

In 1823, eighteen-year-old Smith reported that this angel appeared by his bedside and announced that God needed Smith's help:

Moroni

This supreme writer of the New England group was haunted by the knowledge of evil bequeathed to him by his Puritan forebears, one of whom had been a judge at the Salem witchcraft trials:

Nathaniel Hawthorne

In 1836, Emerson published this book, which helped launch the transcendental movement:

Nature