Chapter 12: The Central Nervous System
The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________.
association
True/False: A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei.
true
True/False: Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord.
true
True/False: Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space.
true
True/False: Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain.
true
True/False: In most people, the left cerebral hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, math, and logic.
true
True/False: The reticular activating system (RAS) is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system.
false
True/False: The three basic regions of the cerebrum are the cerebral cortical gray matter, internal white matter, and the superior and inferior colliculi.
false
The lateral sulcus separates which lobes?
frontal from temporal
Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.
gyri
An elevated ridge of the cortex is called a ________.
gyrus
Which brain structure functions to control the autonomic nervous system and to regulate body temperature?
hypothalamus
Broca's area ________.
is considered a motor speech area
Neural tracts that convey information to the brain concerning temperature and pain would be ________.
lateral spinothalamic
The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.
lateral sulcus
Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.
medulla oblongata
The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________.
metabolic waste such as urea
The brain stem consists of the ________.
midbrain, medulla, and pons
The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.
myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
An individual accidentally transected (cut across) the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________.
paraplegia
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ________.
parietal lobe
Nuclei of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial) are found in the ________.
pons
Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?
prefrontal cortex (anterior association area)
Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________.
pyramidal and corticospinal
If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________.
spinal cord may be affected
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ________.
the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
True/False: Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over (decussate) from one side of the body to the other.
true
True/False: Nuclei relating to the startle reflex are located in the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain.
true
True/False: One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing.
true
True/False: Passing through the NREM stages (1 through 4), the frequency of the EEG waves declines, but their amplitude increases.
true
True/False: REM sleep begins about 90 minutes after sleep begins.
true
Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Damage to the primary (somatic) motor cortex results in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and all reflexive contractions. B) Damage to the premotor cortex results in loss of motor skills programmed in that area but movement is still possible. C) Damage to the visual association area can result in blindness. D) Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in the inability to interpret pitch, loudness, and location.
A) Damage to the primary (somatic) motor cortex results in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and all reflexive contractions.
Which of the following generalizations does NOT describe the cerebral cortex? A) The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas. B) Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body. C) The hemispheres are exactly equal in function. D) No functional area of the cortex works alone.
C) The hemispheres are exactly equal in function.
Which of the following best describes the cerebrum? A) motor command center B) visceral command center C) executive suite D) decussation center
C) executive suite
All of the following are structures of the limbic system EXCEPT the ________. A) hippocampus B) cingulate gyrus C) amygdaloid body D) caudate nucleus
D) caudate nucleus
Which of these would you NOT find in the cerebral cortex? A) cell bodies B) dendrites C) interneurons D) fiber tracts
D) fiber tracts
Which of the following is NOT a role of the basal nuclei? A) playing a role in cognition and emotion B) controlling starting and stopping movements C) inhibiting unnecessary or antagonistic movements D) initiating protective reflex actions
D) initiating protective reflex actions
Motor speech (Broca's) area.
Frontal lobe
Premotor cortex.
Frontal lobe
Primary (somatic) motor cortex.
Frontal lobe
Seat of intelligence, abstract reasoning.
Frontal lobe
Gustatory (taste) area.
Insula
Visual area.
Occipital lobe
Primary somatosensory cortex.
Parietal lobe
This area is on the extreme posterior of the occipital lobe and receives visual information that originates on
Primary visual cortex
Auditory area.
Temporal lobe
Primary auditory cortex
The area of the brain located in the superior margin of the temporal lobe that interprets impulses as pitch, loudness, and location.
Premotor cortex
The brain area just anterior to the precentral gyrus that selects and sequences basic motor movements into more complex tasks.
Primary olfactory cortex
This brain area lies on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe and allows for conscious awareness of different odors.
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
arachnoid and pia
Spinocerebellar tracts ________.
carry information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum
What groove separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
central sulcus
The arbor vitae refers to ________.
cerebellar white matter
What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain?
ependymal cells
True/False: Commissural fibers connect the cerebrum to the diencephalon.
false
True/False: Nondeclarative memories preserve the circumstances in which they are learned.
false
True/False: Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres.
false
True/False: Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus.
false
True/False: The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the interventricular foramen.
false
True/False: Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains.
true
True/False: The adult spinal cord ends between the level L1 and L2 of the vertebral column.
true
True/False: The blood brain barrier is the protective mechanism that helps maintain the brain's stable environment.
true
True/False: The brain and spinal cord begin as an embryonic structure called the neural plate.
true
True/False: The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective (feelings), brain.
true
True/False: The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space.
true
True/False: The terms fainting and syncope describe the same thing.
true
Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________.
upper motor neurons
An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.
visual association area