Chapter 12: The Central Nervous System

The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________.

association

True/False: A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei.

true

True/False: Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord.

true

True/False: Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space.

true

True/False: Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain.

true

True/False: In most people, the left cerebral hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, math, and logic.

true

True/False: The reticular activating system (RAS) is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system.

false

True/False: The three basic regions of the cerebrum are the cerebral cortical gray matter, internal white matter, and the superior and inferior colliculi.

false

The lateral sulcus separates which lobes?

frontal from temporal

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.

gyri

An elevated ridge of the cortex is called a ________.

gyrus

Which brain structure functions to control the autonomic nervous system and to regulate body temperature?

hypothalamus

Broca's area ________.

is considered a motor speech area

Neural tracts that convey information to the brain concerning temperature and pain would be ________.

lateral spinothalamic

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.

lateral sulcus

Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.

medulla oblongata

The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________.

metabolic waste such as urea

The brain stem consists of the ________.

midbrain, medulla, and pons

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.

myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

An individual accidentally transected (cut across) the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________.

paraplegia

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ________.

parietal lobe

Nuclei of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial) are found in the ________.

pons

Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?

prefrontal cortex (anterior association area)

Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________.

pyramidal and corticospinal

If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________.

spinal cord may be affected

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ________.

the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

True/False: Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over (decussate) from one side of the body to the other.

true

True/False: Nuclei relating to the startle reflex are located in the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain.

true

True/False: One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing.

true

True/False: Passing through the NREM stages (1 through 4), the frequency of the EEG waves declines, but their amplitude increases.

true

True/False: REM sleep begins about 90 minutes after sleep begins.

true

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Damage to the primary (somatic) motor cortex results in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and all reflexive contractions. B) Damage to the premotor cortex results in loss of motor skills programmed in that area but movement is still possible. C) Damage to the visual association area can result in blindness. D) Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in the inability to interpret pitch, loudness, and location.

A) Damage to the primary (somatic) motor cortex results in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and all reflexive contractions.

Which of the following generalizations does NOT describe the cerebral cortex? A) The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas. B) Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body. C) The hemispheres are exactly equal in function. D) No functional area of the cortex works alone.

C) The hemispheres are exactly equal in function.

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum? A) motor command center B) visceral command center C) executive suite D) decussation center

C) executive suite

All of the following are structures of the limbic system EXCEPT the ________. A) hippocampus B) cingulate gyrus C) amygdaloid body D) caudate nucleus

D) caudate nucleus

Which of these would you NOT find in the cerebral cortex? A) cell bodies B) dendrites C) interneurons D) fiber tracts

D) fiber tracts

Which of the following is NOT a role of the basal nuclei? A) playing a role in cognition and emotion B) controlling starting and stopping movements C) inhibiting unnecessary or antagonistic movements D) initiating protective reflex actions

D) initiating protective reflex actions

Motor speech (Broca's) area.

Frontal lobe

Premotor cortex.

Frontal lobe

Primary (somatic) motor cortex.

Frontal lobe

Seat of intelligence, abstract reasoning.

Frontal lobe

Gustatory (taste) area.

Insula

Visual area.

Occipital lobe

Primary somatosensory cortex.

Parietal lobe

This area is on the extreme posterior of the occipital lobe and receives visual information that originates on

Primary visual cortex

Auditory area.

Temporal lobe

Primary auditory cortex

The area of the brain located in the superior margin of the temporal lobe that interprets impulses as pitch, loudness, and location.

Premotor cortex

The brain area just anterior to the precentral gyrus that selects and sequences basic motor movements into more complex tasks.

Primary olfactory cortex

This brain area lies on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe and allows for conscious awareness of different odors.

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?

arachnoid and pia

Spinocerebellar tracts ________.

carry information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum

What groove separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

central sulcus

The arbor vitae refers to ________.

cerebellar white matter

What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain?

ependymal cells

True/False: Commissural fibers connect the cerebrum to the diencephalon.

false

True/False: Nondeclarative memories preserve the circumstances in which they are learned.

false

True/False: Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres.

false

True/False: Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus.

false

True/False: The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the interventricular foramen.

false

True/False: Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains.

true

True/False: The adult spinal cord ends between the level L1 and L2 of the vertebral column.

true

True/False: The blood brain barrier is the protective mechanism that helps maintain the brain's stable environment.

true

True/False: The brain and spinal cord begin as an embryonic structure called the neural plate.

true

True/False: The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective (feelings), brain.

true

True/False: The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space.

true

True/False: The terms fainting and syncope describe the same thing.

true

Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________.

upper motor neurons

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.

visual association area