Chapter 13

Which of the following factors DO NOT contribute to the decline in VO2 observed during 84 days of detraining?

A decrease in maximal heart rate

Which of the following factors DO NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increases in fat metabolism during exercise?

increased fat storage in the liver

Which of the following physiological factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference?

increased hemoglobin in the blood

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in stroke volume during exercise?

increased peripheral resistance

The enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in

increased uptake of fatty acids. decreased utilization of muscle glycogen. sparing of blood glucose.

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the rise in the activity of calcinuneurin, calmodulin kinase, and AMP kinases occurs within _____ following the exercise session.

Minutes

The removal of damaged mitochondria in skeletal muscle and other cells is called

mitochondria endocytosis.

Following several weeks of endurance exercise training, the capacity to transport glucose into skeletal muscle fibers is increased. Which of the following training-induced changes contribute to this training effect?

the increase in the number of GLUT4 glucose transporters

Endurance exercise training programs (e.g., 3 days/week @ 60% VO2 max for 12 weeks) typically results in a ______.

15-25% improvement in VO2 max

Four-to-ten weeks of anaerobic training (high intensity exercise lasting 10-30 seconds) can increase the peak anaerobic capacity by ______ across individuals.

3-25%

The average VO2 max value for the young (e.g., 21 years old) male sedentary population is approximately

45 ml • kg-1 • min-1.

Heritability (i.e., genetics) determines approximately _____% of VO2 max variability in sedentary adults.

50

High responders to endurance exercise training (i.e., individuals that achieve large increases in VO2 max) can achieve up to ______% improvement in VO2 max following a prolonged and intense training program.

50

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis occurs within _____ following the completion of the exercise session.

Hours

Endurance training has been shown to reduce the oxygen deficit in subjects performing a bout of submaximal exercise. This is likely due to

increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries.

Which of the following endurance training adaptations does NOT result in lower lactate production in the contracting muscles?

increased glycogen utilization

Which of the following endurance training adaptations assist in maintaining acid-base balance during exercise?

increased mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle

Which of the following training adaptations does occur in skeletal muscles following 4-10 weeks of anaerobic exercise training?

increased muscle buffer capacity increased activities of myokinase and creatine phosphokinase increased activities of key glycolytic enzymes

Endurance exercise training results in an increase in mitochondria volume within skeletal muscle fibers. The process of synthesizing mitochondria in cells is called ______.

mitochondrial biogenesis

Which of the following factors do not contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in VO2 max?

Increased maximal heartrate

During the first four months of an endurance exercise training program, the initial increase in VO2 max is primarily due to

Neural adaptations

The heart rate and ventilatory responses to constant load submaximal exercise are lower (i.e., lower heart rate and lower minute ventilation) following an endurance training program. This training-induced adaptation is primarily due to changes in the

Trained skeletal muscles

The increase in VO2 max that occurs following 16 months of endurance exercise training results from

both an increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference and an increase in maximal cardiac output are correct.

Endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle but has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity. This is an example of what training principle?

specificity

Cross-sectional studies demonstrate that the physiological variable responsible for the large variation in VO2 max across the normal (untrained) population is maximal

stroke volume.

The principle of specificity of training refers to the fact that exercise training is specific to

the muscles involved in the activity. the fiber types recruited. the principal energy system (i.e., aerobic vs. anaerobic) involved in the activity.

Which of the following statements are true about the effect of endurance training or detraining on mitochondria volume in human skeletal muscle?

Five weeks of endurance training can increase skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume by two times about normal. Seven days of detraining can reduce mitochondrial volume by 50% below the trained level. After a period of detraining, approximately 4 weeks of retraining is required to regain the lost mitochondrial volume.