psy exam 2 questions
If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.
after seeing a TV character recieve a reward for taking violent actions against another character
which of the following statements about algorithims is false
algorithims are used frequently in our everyday lives
During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
industry vs. inferiority
Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.
indirect
In classical conditioning, an association is learned between the ____
neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?
object permanence
When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________.
others have false beliefs
Engram refers to the ________.
physical trace of memory
Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?
playing scratch of lotto tickets
what should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent.
the word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition"
what should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.
the word "operant should be changed to the word "classical"
At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments?
12 months old
From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as "I see."
18 to 24
in operant conditioning, ____ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior
negative reinforcement
what does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?
what is normal development?
the word ___ is both a morpheme and phoneme
I
which of the following illustrates conservation
Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.
What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?
another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus
Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________.
anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy
one-year-old ansley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When ansley sees trucks on TV, she says "Look mommy, truck!" this exemplifies ______
assimilation
which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?
assimilation
late maturing boys are _____-
at a higher risk of depression
early maturing girls are ______
at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders
Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?
authoritative
which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?
baby seeking food by rooting and sucking
According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?
caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference
in _____ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking responce.
classical
________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
cognitive
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.
conditioned response
Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.
conditioned stimulus
Not all aspects of cognition are ________.
consciously experienced
The continuous development approach views development as a ________.
cumulative process
which of the following experiments involve the use of social learning theory?
determining how long it takes a person to knit if she is only allowed to watch YT videos of people knitting
Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.
developmental milestones
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.
discontinuous
Benigno wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?
distortion
which researches suggested that language determines thought
edward sapir and benjamin lee whorf
____ and _____ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors
emotion and memory
____ and ____ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors
emotion;memory
what is the primary conclusion john b watson's made after working with little albert?
emotions can be a conditioned responce
Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.
encoding failure
which of the following statements about encoding is incorrect?
encoding is the set of processes used to decode, store, and retrieve info
The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________.
experience in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally
which of the following about eyewitness testimony is correct?
eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion
Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed ratio
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
formal operational
which of the following statements about howard gardner is false?
he believed discussing IQ as standard dev. from average was innacurate
which of the following is false about John B. Watson?
he is considered the founder of behaviorism
which of the following statements about ivan pavlov is true?
he is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning
Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?
hippocampus
Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory.
how to use the phone
scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we _____, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all the unconscious work that our brains are doing
integrate
Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?
interpersonal
People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
intimacy vs. isolation
Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?
intrusion
People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.
it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new ones
Lwhich of the following is an example of vicarious punishment.?
jeong observes bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out his carrots, because he saw his friend punished, he doesnt spit his carrots
______ is known for using little albert in his studies on human emotion
john B watson
which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
knowing you will get to play mini golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
latent
what was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, "how much can we boose IQ and achievement?"
level II intelligence is most prevalent among asians, followed by caucasians, then african americans
Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
linguistic
In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.
long term
Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________.
memory impairment on various tasks, such as direct recognition and maze running
Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.
mental set
Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?
mild
When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.
misinformation effect paridigm
Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.
model
which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability?
modest
which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? police have ________
modified the way witnesses are questioned
________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.
motor
in psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories:
natural and artificial
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.
negative reinforcement
Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
practical
according to jean piaget in what stage do children begin to use language?
preoperational
___ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities
primary
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
primary
which of the following is not one of the four indicies of the wechsler intelligence scale for children?
processing memory
________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships
psychosocial
which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?
remembering the colors of the rainbow with ROY G BIV
which of the following is an example of latent learning?
remembering the nearest gas station when you unexpectedly run out of gas
It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?
resistant
Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?
reversibility
which of the following is key to generating a bell curve>
sample size
Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?
secure
ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms dog, cat, and bird. this is an example of ___ encoding
semantic
Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.
suggestibility
Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.
taste aversion
which of the following is not one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics
the descision to be made is important
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In social learning theory, B.F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic
the name "BF skinner" should be changed to "Albert Bandura"
what should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Arthur jenson theorized that level 1 intelligence is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities while Level II intelligence is responsible for rote memorization"
the placement of the phrases level 1 and level 2 should be switched
which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?
the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of a bright light
what should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature.
the words sexual and social should be switched
in classical conditioning, the _____ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (IE. the stimulus)
unconditioned response
Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.
universal
You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.
visual
remembering _____ is a good example of semantic memory
what the word chocolate means
which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?
younger avg. age for marriage