Chapter 13 & 14 Anatomy Notes

subarachnoid space

Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing a tip of a needle in the?

reflex arc

The 'wiring' of a single reflex

lumbar puncture

Aka spinal tap; involves the insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space in the inferior lumbar region

The ventricle associated with the pons and upper medulla is the A) first. B) second. C) third. D) fourth. E) lateral.

D) fourth

The folds of the cerebrum are called A) sulci. B) arachnoid granulations. C) cortical folds. D) gyri. E) dural sinuses.

D) gyri.

Which sensation(s) does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry? A) hearing B) equilibrium C) atmospheric pressure D) hearing and equilibrium E) hearing, equilibrium, and taste

D) hearing and equilibrium

The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a band of cortex called the A) flocculonodular lobe. B) arbor vitae. C) folia. D) vermis. E) pyramid.

D) vermis

subarachnoid space

Where does the CSF flow within?

much shorter

Compared to the vertebral column, the SC is?

What does the MO regulate?

blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion

What are drives?

unfocused "impressions" that originating in the hypothalamus

How much CSF does the choroid plexus produce/day?

500 mL/day

epidural space

A region that contains areolar tissue, blood vessels, and a protective padding of adipose tissue and lies between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal

spinal meninges

A series of specialized membranes surrounding the spinal cord, provide necessary physical stability and shock absorption (dura mater, acrachnoid mater, pia mater)

epidural block

A temporary sensory loss or sensory and motor paralysis, depending on the anesthetic selected, commonly used for childbirth

________ is a disorder affecting the ability to speak or read. A) Aphasia B) Ataxia C) Apraxia D) Bell's palsy E) Dysphagia

A) Aphasia

Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of A) Parkinson's disease. B) rabies. C) Alzheimer's disease. D) myasthenia gravis. E) tetanus.

A) Parkinson's disease.

The anterior nuclei of the thalamus A) are part of the limbic system. B) secrete pituitary hormones. C) secrete melatonin. D) receive axon collaterals from the optic nerve. E) secrete pituitary hormones and melatonin.

A) are part of the limbic system

Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called ________ areas. A) association B) motor C) cranial D) sensory E) intercalated

A) association

The cerebellum can be permanently damaged by stroke or temporarily affected by drugs or alcohol. The resulting disturbance in motor control is known as A) ataxia. B) aphasia. C) dysphagia. D) Parkinson's. E) epilepsy.

A) ataxia

At the optic chiasm, A) axons from the medial halves of each retina cross. B) axons from the lateral halves of each retina cross. C) axons from the retinae synapse on those from the other half. D) the olfactory nerve crosses to the opposite side of the brain. E) the optic nerve enters the cerebellum.

A) axons from the medial halves of each retina cross

If the pons was damaged, which of the following functions would be affected? A) breathing B) control of blood pressure C) coordination D) sleep patterns E) judgment

A) breathing

A neural cortex is found on the surface of the A) cerebrum. B) pons. C) thalamus. D) midbrain.

A) cerebrum

The highest levels of information processing occur in the A) cerebrum. B) diencephalon. C) cerebellum. D) medulla oblongata. E) corpus callosum.

A) cerebrum

In each ventricle is a blood vessel network called the ________ that produces cerebrospinal fluid. A) choroid plexus B) jugular vein C) carotid artery D) vertebral artery E) pia mater

A) choroid plexus

A reflex that is used to assess the sensory function of the trigeminal nerve is the ________ reflex. A) corneal B) tympanic C) auditory D) vestibulo-ocular E) consensual

A) corneal

The term used to describe the crossing over of a tract to the side of the nervous system opposite to where the axons originated is A) decussation. B) contralateral. C) ascending crossovers. D) pyramidal tracts. E) consensual tracts. A) decussation

A) decussation

The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the A) hypothalamus. B) thalamus. C) brain stem. D) mesencephalon. E) myelencephalon

A) hypothalamus

Stimulation of the reticular activating system results in A) increased consciousness. B) sleep. C) coma. D) decreased cerebral function. E) coughing.

A) increased consciousness

Excitation of neurons in the basal nuclei would lead to A) increased muscle tone. B) loss of consciousness. C) inability to sense pain. D) sexual arousal. E) involuntary speech production

A) increased muscle tone

Cerebrospinal fluid A) is secreted by ependymal cells. B) is formed by a passive process. C) is normally produced twice as fast as it is removed. D) has almost the same composition as blood plasma. E) contains blood cells and blood plasma

A) is secreted by ependymal cells

The hypothalamus is a key player in the endocrine system because A) it controls the pituitary gland directly underneath it. B) it communicates with all other endocrine organs of the body. C) it produces enzymes that are involved in the production of hormones. D) its autonomic controls also run all of the endocrine organs. E) None of the answers is correct.

A) it controls the pituitary gland directly underneath it.

Male brains are typically ________ compared to female brains. A) larger B) smaller C) the same size D) very smooth E) more convoluted

A) larger

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the A) longitudinal fissure. B) central sulcus. C) transverse fissure. D) parieto-occipital sulcus. E) postcentral sulcus

A) longitudinal fissure

Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the A) medulla oblongata. B) pons. C) mesencephalon. D) diencephalon. E) cerebellum

A) medulla oblongata

The structure of the brain that carries ascending sensory information to the thalamus is the A) midbrain. B) cerebral aqueduct. C) 4th ventricle. D) basal ganglion. E) cerebellum

A) midbrain

As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, the functions of each successive level become A) more complex. B) simpler. C) better understood. D) more crucial to visceral functions. E) critical to reflexes

A) more complex

The only sensation that is received directly by the cerebrum is A) olfaction. B) gustation. C) hearing. D) vision. E) dizziness.

A) olfaction

The cerebral area posterior to the central sulcus is the A) parietal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) insula.

A) parietal lobe

The layer of the meninges that closely follows every gyrus and sulcus is the A) pia mater. B) dura mater. C) arachnoid membrane. D) neural cortex. E) subarachnoid mater

A) pia mater

What structure is covered by many blood vessels and adheres tightly to the surface of the brain? A) pia mater B) arachnoid C) dura mater D) cranial plexus E) choroid plexus

A) pia mater

The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the A) prefrontal cerebral cortex. B) occipital association cortex. C) reticular formation. D) temporal lobe. E) cerebral ganglia

A) prefrontal cerebral cortex

The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the ________ cortex. A) primary sensory B) primary motor C) visual D) olfactory E) auditory

A) primary sensory

During embryonic development, which of the following secondary brain vesicles will form the cerebrum? A) telencephalon B) diencephalon C) mesencephalon D) metencephalon E) myelencephalon

A) telencephalon

In most cases, the general interpretive center and the speech center are located in A) the left cerebral hemisphere. B) the right cerebral hemisphere. C) neither of the cerebral hemispheres. D) both of the cerebral hemispheres.

A) the left cerebral hemisphere

Difficulties in estimating temporal relationships between events may stem from damage to A) the prefrontal cortex. B) the general interpretive area. C) Broca's area. D) Wernicke's area. E) the temporal lobe.

A) the prefrontal cortex

The patient has the following symptoms: change in vocal tone, problems swallowing, inability to control urination, erratic heart rate, and gastric problems. You would identify the problem as being related to the A) vagus nerve. B) pineal gland. C) abducens nerve. D) trigeminal nerve. E) amygdala.

A) vagus nerve.

plexus

As nerves converge, the ventral rami of adjacent spinal nerves blend their fibers, producing a series of compound nerve trunks

________ is a condition resulting from an inflammation of a facial nerve. A) Cerebral palsy B) Bell's palsy C) Addison's disease D) Gout E) Hydrocephalus

B) Bell's palsy

________ centers receive information from many association areas and direct extremely complex motor activities such as speech. A) Frontal B) Integrative C) Communication D) Terminal E) Vocal

B) Integrative

The white matter of the cerebellum forms the A) flocculonodular lobe. B) arbor vitae. C) folia. D) vermis. E) pyramid.

B) arbor vitae

The cells that cover the outer surfaces of CNS capillary endothelial cells are the A) blastocytes. B) astrocytes. C) monocytes. D) leukocytes. E) lymphocytes.

B) astrocytes.

Within each hemisphere, deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle, you will find the A) anterior commissures. B) basal nuclei. C) motor association areas. D) visual cortex. E) auditory cortex.

B) basal nuclei

The choroid plexus is composed of A) lymphatic vessels. B) blood vessels. C) nerve fibers. D) ganglia. E) subarachnoid granulations

B) blood vessels

The medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain comprise the A) basal ganglia. B) brain stem. C) mesencephalon. D) ventricles. E) cortical lobes of the cerebrum.

B) brain stem

The medial nuclei of the thalamus A) are part of the limbic system. B) connect emotional centers in the hypothalamus with the frontal lobe. C) produce the hormone oxytocin. D) process visual information. E) process olfactory information

B) connect emotional centers in the hypothalamus with the frontal lobe

The pineal gland is part of the A) hypothalamus. B) diencephalon. C) midbrain. D) mesencephalon. E) 3rd ventricle

B) diencephalon

A person who has difficulty comprehending and using written language suffers from the disorder known as A) Parkinsonism. B) dyslexia. C) a stroke. D) Alzheimer's disease. E) epilepsy

B) dyslexia

A(n) ________ is a printed record of the brain's electrical activity over a period of time. A) electrocardiogram B) electroencephalogram C) x-ray D) MRI E) CT scan

B) electroencephalogram

Specialized ________ cells form the secretory component of the choroid plexus. A) epididymal B) ependymal C) appended D) astrocytes E) blood

B) ependymal

The most obvious feature that one notices about the cerebrum is the A) smoothness of the surface of the cortex. B) extensiveness of the gyri and sulci. C) small size of it compared to other brain areas. D) transverse fissure running through it. E) color of the cerebrum compared to the other brain areas

B) extensiveness of the gyri and sulci

The dural fold that projects into the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres is called the A) dural sinus. B) falx cerebri. C) tentorium cerebelli. D) falx cerebelli. E) choroid plexus

B) falx cerebri

Stimulation of the ________ within the hypothalamus produces the sensation of hunger. A) satiety center B) feeding center C) thirst center D) limbic system E) hormone center

B) feeding center

Which of the following is/are true of the epithalamus? A) contains the mammillary body B) forms the roof of the diencephalon C) processes sensory information and relays it to the cerebrum D) forms the cerebrum E) creates the lateral ventricles

B) forms the roof of the diencephalon

Which of the following is not a property of the limbic system? A) contains cerebral and diencephalic components B) functions in maintaining homeostasis in cold weather C) located between the border of the cerebrum and diencephalon D) links conscious functions of the cerebral cortex with unconscious functions of the brain stem E) functions in emotions, learning, and memory

B) functions in maintaining homeostasis in cold weather

Bob is struck on the left side of the head and is knocked unconscious. When he recovers consciousness, he can hear individual words but cannot understand the meaning of phrases or sentences. This implies damage to his A) vestibulocochlear nerve. B) general interpretive area. C) speech center. D) prefrontal lobe. E) temporal lobe.

B) general interpretive area.

A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of tongue movement. Which cranial nerve is affected? A) glossopharyngeal B) hypoglossal C) vagus D) spinal accessory E) trigeminal

B) hypoglossal

The ________, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland. A) hippocampus B) infundibulum C) supraoptic nucleus D) basal ganglia E) amygdala

B) infundibulum

The passageway between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle is the A) foramen of Magendi. B) interventricular foramen. C) cerebral aqueduct. D) lateral foramen. E) central canal.

B) interventricular foramen

The posterior nuclei of the thalamus includes the A) basal nuclei. B) lateral and medial geniculate nuclei. C) mamillary body. D) interthalamic adhesion. E) All of the answers are correct

B) lateral and medial geniculate nuclei

The optic tracts carry visual information from the retina to the A) pulvinar. B) lateral geniculates. C) medial geniculates. D) supraoptic nuclei. E) paraventricular nuclei

B) lateral geniculates

After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ lobe. A) right frontal B) left frontal C) right temporal D) left temporal E) occipital

B) left frontal

Droopy eyelids and double vision can result from injury to the ________ nerve. A) optic B) oculomotor C) trochlear D) olfactory E) abducens

B) oculomotor

The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem are located in the A) medulla oblongata. B) pons. C) mesencephalon. D) diencephalon. E) thalamus.

B) pons

The primary motor cortex is the surface of the A) insula. B) precentral gyrus. C) postcentral gyrus. D) arcuate gyrus. E) corpus callosum.

B) precentral gyrus

he basal nuclei A) plan and coordinate voluntary muscle activity. B) provide the general pattern and rhythm for movements such as walking. C) coordinate sensory information. D) control the secretions of the pituitary gland. E) control respiration and blood pressure.

B) provide the general pattern and rhythm for movements such as walking.

The thin partition that separates the first and second ventricles is the A) falx cerebri. B) septum pellucidum. C) septum insula. D) interventricular foramina. E) cerebral aqueduct

B) septum pellucidum

The corpora quadrigemina is composed of the A) four cerebral lobes. B) superior and inferior colliculi. C) first four cranial nerves. D) the 4th cranial nerve. E) two superior cerebellar peduncles and the two inferior cerebellar peduncles.

B) superior and inferior colliculi.

To return CSF to circulation, arachnoid granulations extend into the A) subarachnoid space. B) superior sagittal sinus. C) carotid canal. D) inferior sagittal sinus. E) jugular foramen.

B) superior sagittal sinus

The ________ filters and relays sensory information to cerebral cortex. A) cerebrum B) thalamus C) pons D) medulla oblongata E) cerebellum

B) thalamus

Which of these is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain? A)Cerebrum B)Diencephalon C) Prosencephalon D)Midbrain EPons

C) Prosencephalon

Damage to the medulla oblongata can result in death because A) electrical activity originates within the medulla. B) the vital centers for blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are located there. C) the blood might not be able to circulated properly around the brain. D) control of body temperature and thermoregulation are its functions. E) digestive processes are controlled by the medulla.

B) the vital centers for blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are located there.

Jean needs to have a tooth in her mandible filled. Her dentist injects a local anesthetic to block pain afferents in one of her cranial nerves. What cranial nerve does the dentist numb? A) trochlear B) trigeminal C) facial D) glossopharyngeal E) hypoglossal

B) trigeminal

meningitis

Bacterial or viral infection can cause this inflammation of the meningeal membranes; can disrupt the normal circulation of CSF, damaging or killing neurons and neuroglia

stretch reflex

Best-known monosynaptic reflex, provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the blood circulation at the A) jugular veins. B) dural drain. C) arachnoid granulations. D) tentorium cerebelli. E) frontal sinus

C) arachnoid granulations

Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called ________ areas. A) commissural B) sensory C) association D) somesthetic E) processing

C) association

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the A) cerebrum. B) mesencephalon. C) cerebellum. D) pons. E) medulla oblongata.

C) cerebellum

The third and fourth ventricles are linked by a slender canal designated as the A) central canal. B) tentorium cerebelli. C) cerebral aqueduct. D) interventricular foramina. E) pontine canal.

C) cerebral aqueduct

Nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surface of the mesencephalon are the A) tegmenta. B) corpora quadrigemina. C) cerebral peduncles. D) superior colliculi. E) inferior colliculi

C) cerebral peduncles

The mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus A) regulate lactation. B) secrete oxytocin. C) control feeding reflexes. D) control heart rate and blood pressure. E) secrete antidiuretic hormone

C) control feeding reflexes

Two large venous sinuses, the sagittal sinuses, lie within a dural fold called the A) cerebral aqueduct. B) basal ganglia. C) falx cerebri. D) arachnoid mater. E) septum pellucidum.

C) falx cerebri

Which of the following is not a component of the limbic system? A) amygdaloid body B) cingulate gyrus C) globus pallidus D) hippocampus E) fornix

C) globus pallidus

Parkinson's disease is the result of A) inadequate production of GABA by neurons in the basal nuclei. B) decreased levels of acetylcholine from neurons in the substantia nigra. C) inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons. D) hyperactivity of the limbic system. E) weak response of the red nuclei of the mesencephalon

C) inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons

The sense of taste projects to the gustatory cortex located in the ________ and ________. A) insula; parietal lobe B) frontal lobe; temporal lobe C) insula; frontal lobe D) precentral gyrus; prefrontal cortex. E) corpus callosum; fornix

C) insula; frontal lobe

Divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that are named after the overlying skull bones are A) fissures. B) sinuses. C) lobes. D) sulci. E) gyri.

C) lobes

Sensory innervation of the lower teeth and gums is by the ________ nerve. A) ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal B) maxillary branch of the trigeminal C) mandibular branch of the trigeminal D) glossopharyngeal E) hypoglossal

C) mandibular branch of the trigeminal

The respiratory rhythmicity center is located in the A) pons. B) cerebrum. C) medulla oblongata. D) cerebellum. E) midbrain.

C) medulla oblongata

The dominant cerebral hemisphere of the brain A) is for emotional status. B) is for interpretation of art and music. C) performs analytical tasks. D) controls vital functions such as blood pressure and heart rate. E) controls emotions.

C) performs analytical tasks

Which cerebral area is involved with judgment and predictive abilities? A) Broca's area B) Brodmann area C) prefrontal cortex D) Wernicke's area E) general interpretive area

C) prefrontal cortex

Which of the following is a function of the thalamus? A) secrete cerebrospinal fluid B) secrete melatonin C) process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum D) store memories E) regulate food intake

C) process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum

Damage to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus leads to which problem? A) an intense thirst B) an uncontrolled sex drive C) reduced ability to regulate body temperature D) an insatiable appetite E) production of a large volume of urine

C) reduced ability to regulate body temperature

The tectum of the mesencephalon contains the A) substantia nigra. B) red nuclei. C) superior and inferior colliculi. D) cerebral peduncles. E) basal ganglia

C) superior and inferior colliculi.

The auditory cortex is located in the A) frontal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) insula.

C) temporal lobe

Terry suffers from dissociation of memories from their emotional content as the result of an automobile accident. What system of the brain is probably damaged? A) the prefrontal lobe B) the general interpretive area C) the limbic system D) the thalamus E) the putamen

C) the limbic system

Jane suffers from chronic seizures and in order to control the problem undergoes surgery in which the fibers of the corpus callosum are cut. As a result of this surgery she would likely be unable to A) speak. B) move her left arm. C) verbally identify an object placed in her left hand. D) recognize written words. E) touch her nose with her eyes closed.

C) verbally identify an object placed in her left hand

Damage to the corpora quadrigemina would interfere with A) control of autonomic function. B) regulation of body temperature. C) visual and auditory reflex movements of the head and neck. D) conscious control of skeletal muscles. E) control of breathing.

C) visual and auditory reflex movements of the head and neck.

Which of the following symptoms would you associate with damage to the spinal accessory nerve? A) loss of the sense of taste B) tooth pain C) weakness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle D) lack of facial expression E) dry mouth from lack of saliva

C) weakness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

reverberation

Collateral branches of axons somewhere along the circuit extend back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulate the presynaptic neurons

The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the body's neural tissue. A) 15 percent B) 25 percent C) 68 percent D) 97 percent E) 35 percent

D) 97 percent

Which statement is true regarding cerebrospinal fluid? A) CSF is identical in composition to blood plasma. B) CSF is made during fetal development and does not change through the lifetime of the person. C) There is about a liter of CSF within the brain and spinal cord. D) If CSF is not properly resorbed, the result would be hydrocephalus. E) CSF moves back into the blood supply by the process of osmosis

D) If CSF is not properly resorbed, the result would be hydrocephalus.

A person with a damaged visual association area may be A) unable to see rows of letters. B) declared legally blind. C) unable to recognize letters but able to identify whole words and their meanings. D) able to see letters but unable to associate them into words. E) unable to understand spoken words.

D) able to see letters but unable to associate them into words

The general interpretive area A) is the speech center of the brain. B) is responsible for predicting future consequences. C) is the site of long-term memory storage. D) allows us to interpret what is read or heard. E) may be damaged by even a small stroke

D) allows us to interpret what is read or heard

The presence of many large, highly-branched Purkinje cells in a sample of brain tissue indicates that it came from the A) pons. B) medulla. C) cerebral cortex. D) cerebellar cortex. E) arbor vitae.

D) cerebellar cortex.

The corpus callosum is composed of A) arcuate fibers. B) longitudinal fasciculi. C) association fibers. D) commissural fibers. E) projection fibers.

D) commissural fibers

The thalamus is often called the "air traffic controller" of the brain because it A) controls the autonomic functions of the body, such as the fight-or-flight response. B) determines what can enter the brain from the blood. C) controls reflexes. D) determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex area. E) passes motor information on to the cerebellum

D) determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex area.

Which of the following lies between the cerebrum and the brain stem? A) medulla oblongata B) pons C) mesencephalon D) diencephalon E) cerebellum

D) diencephalon

The dural sinuses are located in the A) paranasal cavity. B) arachnoid. C) pia mater. D) dural folds. E) tentorium cerebelli

D) dural folds

The ________ is important in storage and recall of new long-term memories. A) amygdaloid body B) cingulate gyrus C) mamillary bodies D) hippocampus E) fornix

D) hippocampus

Joe begins to experience mood swings and disturbed thirst and hunger. Imaging studies indicate that a brain tumor is the likely cause of these disorders. In what part of the brain is the tumor most likely located? A) prefrontal cortex B) postcentral gyrus C) basal nuclei D) hypothalamus E) reticular formatio

D) hypothalamus

Commissural fibers A) carry pain information to the correct brain structure. B) are divided by the longitudinal fissure. C) link the cerebral cortex to the diencephalon. D) interconnect areas of cerebral cortex. E) cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other hemisphere

D) interconnect areas of cerebral cortex

The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the brain are the A) external carotid arteries. B) facial arteries. C) jugular veins. D) internal carotid and vertebral arteries. E) dural sinuses

D) internal carotid and vertebral arteries

The control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the A) cerebrum. B) cerebellum. C) diencephalon. D) medulla oblongata. E) heart.

D) medulla oblongata

The cerebellum and pons develop from the A) telencephalon. B) diencephalon. C) mesencephalon. D) metencephalon. E) myelencephalon

D) metencephalon

The visual cortex is located in the A) frontal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) insula.

D) occipital lobe

Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate and synapse on neurons in the A) medulla. B) thalamus. C) cerebral cortex. D) olfactory bulb. E) olfactory tract.

D) olfactory bulb

The optic nerve crosses at the A) decussation. B) commissural fibers. C) pons. D) optic chiasm. E) cerebral aqueduct

D) optic chiasm

Damage to the premotor cortex of the frontal lobe would interfere with the ability to A) understand written words. B) understand spoken words. C) understand visual images. D) play the piano. E) sense the texture of velvet

D) play the piano

What symptoms would you expect to see in a patient with damage to the basal nuclei? A) inability to process thoughts in a rational way B) visual problems C) facial tics D) problems in rhythmic movements related to skeletal muscles E) anger problems

D) problems in rhythmic movements related to skeletal muscles

Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid? A) provides cushioning for delicate neural tissues B) provides buoyant support for the brain C) acts as a transport medium for nutrients D) provides ATP for impulse transmission E) acts as a transport medium for waste products

D) provides ATP for impulse transmission

The mesencephalon contains the headquarters of the ________, a specialized component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention. A) falx cerebri B) Wernicke's area C) general association area D) reticular activating system E) basal ganglia

D) reticular activating system

What contains a spider web-like network of cells and fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid flows? A) subdural space B) dural sinus C) falx cerebri D) subarachnoid space E) pia mater

D) subarachnoid space

Examination of a tissue sample from the central nervous system reveals many darkly pigmented cells. This tissue probably came from the A) nucleus gracilis. B) nucleus cuneatus. C) motor cortex. D) substantia nigra. E) red nucleus.

D) substantia nigra

Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the A) medulla oblongata. B) pons. C) midbrain. D) thalamus. E) cerebellum

D) thalamus

The cranial nerve that has three major branches is the A) abducens. B) facial. C) vagus. D) trigeminal. E) glossopharyngeal

D) trigeminal

________ is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal movements, unusual sensations, and/or inappropriate behavior. A) Dyslexia B) Apraxia C) Aphasia D) Parkinson's disease E) A seizure

E) A seizure

Ependymal cells work to A) surround the capillaries of the choroid plexus. B) secrete CSF into the ventricles. C) remove waste products from CSF. D) adjust the composition of CSF. E) All of the answers are correct

E) All of the answers are correct

Higher-order functions A) can be adjusted over time based on experience. B) involve complex interactions among areas of the cortex. C) combine both conscious and unconscious information processing. D) occur in the cerebrum. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct

If the corpus callosum is surgically cut, A) the two cerebral hemispheres operate independently. B) symptoms of the "disconnection syndrome" appear. C) objects touched by the left hand can be recognized but not verbally identified. D) conscious decisions are made without regard to sensations from the left side. E) All of the answers are correct

E) All of the answers are correct

Integrative centers of the brain A) receive information from many sensory association areas. B) can impact higher intellectual functions. C) direct motor activities. D) include the Wernicke's area. E) All of the answers are correct

E) All of the answers are correct

Tic douloureux is A) a disorder of the maxillary and mandibular branches of nerve V. B) characterized by almost totally debilitating pain. C) triggered by contact with the lip, tongue, or gums. D) also called trigeminal neuralgia. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct

Which of the following help to protect the brain? A) the blood-brain barrier B) the bones of the skull C) the cranial meninges D) the CSF E) All of the answers are correct

E) All of the answers are correct

Which of the following is a property of the blood-brain barrier? A) The capillary endothelial cells are interconnected by tight junctions. B) It is generally permeable to lipid-soluble compounds. C) Astrocytes surround the CNS capillaries. D) It is absent in portions of the hypothalamus. E) All of the answers are correct

E) All of the answers are correct

Which of the following is a property of the mamillary bodies? A) controls reflex eating movements B) processes olfactory information C) located in posterior hypothalamus D) shaped like little breasts E) All of the answers are correct

E) All of the answers are correct

Integrative centers concerned with the performance of complex processes are restricted to either the left or the right hemisphere. These complex processes include A) speech. B) writing. C) mathematical computation. D) understanding spatial relationships. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

A brain hemorrhage is life-threatening because A) neurological changes will occur. B) some areas of the brain will not be receiving blood. C) the person can lose consciousness. D) the pressure increase within the space can distort and potentially damage brain tissue. E) All of these problems are related to brain hemorrhages

E) All of these problems are related to brain hemorrhages

Which statement is true regarding the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid of the spinal cord and brain? A) Spinal fluid is secreted both in the brain and in the spinal cord areas. B) There is an epidural space associated with the spinal meninges, but not with the cranial meninges. C) The meninges around the brain are not the same as those around the spinal cord. D) There is a subarachnoid space within the spinal meninges but not the cranial meninges. E) The choroid plexuses are located only within the brain, not within the spinal cord.

E) The choroid plexuses are located only within the brain, not within the spinal cord

The medulla oblongata relays auditory information to the A) substantia nigra. B) red nuclei. C) cerebral peduncles. D) superior colliculi. E) inferior colliculi

E) inferior colliculi

The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching array called the A) basal ganglia. B) corpus callosum. C) commissural fibers. D) cortical folds. E) arbor vitae.

E) arbor vitae

Hydrocephalus, or "water on the brain," may result from A) deficient production of cerebrospinal fluid. B) excessive production of cerebrospinal fluid. C) blockage of circulation of CSF. D) excessive water intake. E) blockage of CSF circulation or excessive CSF production.

E) blockage of CSF circulation or excessive CSF production.

The medulla oblongata regulates A) somatic motor contractions. B) food intake. C) auditory reflexes. D) vision and hearing E) blood pressure and respiration

E) blood pressure and respiration

The ________ connects the two sides of the cerebrum. A) decussation B) mesencephalon C) arbor vitae D) ganglion E) commissural fibers

E) commissural fibers

The ________ are the four masses on the posterior of the midbrain. A) quadriceps B) tetrahygena C) mesencephalon D) choroid plexuses E) corpora quadrigemina

E) corpora quadrigemina

The white structure that connects the cerebral hemispheres is the A) geniculate nucleus. B) basal ganglia. C) amygdala. D) arbor vitae. E) corpus callosum

E) corpus callosum

A tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus is the A) amygdaloid body. B) cingulate gyrus. C) mamillary bodies. D) hippocampus. E) fornix.

E) fornix.

Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)? A) vagus B) facial C) glossopharyngeal D) hypoglossal E) glossopharyngeal and vagus

E) glossopharyngeal and vagus

Emotions and behavioral drives are associated with the A) geniculate nucleus. B) thalamus. C) fornix. D) general association area. E) hypothalamus.

E) hypothalamus

The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems. A) cerebellum B) medulla oblongata C) cerebrum D) pons E) hypothalamus

E) hypothalamus

The reflex movement of the head toward a loud noise is directed by the mesencephalon. Which nuclei accomplish this? A) substantia nigra B) red nuclei C) tectum D) superior colliculi E) inferior colliculi

E) inferior colliculi

The region of the cerebral cortex that is medial and deep to the temporal lobe is the A) parietal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) insula.

E) insula

After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow probably caused damage to the A) prefrontal cortex. B) postcentral gyrus. C) cerebral nuclei. D) limbic system. E) occipital lobe.

E) occipital lobe

The region(s) of the cerebral cortex superior to the lateral sulcus is/are the A) parietal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) parietal and frontal lobes

E) parietal and frontal lobes

Jane, a 79-year-old woman, has been diagnosed with a tumor in the brain. She has lost some sensory and motor functions associated with the face, like control of facial muscles for emotion and various sensory functions like taste. In addition, she has some hearing loss and balance problems. The location of the tumor is likely to be the A) cerebellum. B) cerebrum. C) medulla. D) thalamus. E) pons.

E) pons

The wall between the lateral ventricles is called the A) cerebral aqueduct. B) fornix. C) falx cerebri. D) corpus callosum. E) septum pellucidum

E) septum pellucidum

Chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid are called A) plexuses. B) ganglia. C) sinuses. D) aqueducts. E) ventricles.

E) ventricles

motor and sensory

Each peripheral nerve provides what kind of innervation to the peripheral structures?

white

Nerve tracts or fascicule make up what column?

What are the dural folds and where is each located?

Falx cerebri - between the cerebral hemispheres Tentorium cerebelli - separates cerebellum and cerebrum & protects cerebellar hemispheres Falx cerebelli - divides the two cerebellar hemispheres

Their development The nature of the resulting motor response The complexity of the neural circiut involves The site of information processing

How are reflexes classified?

ventral ramus

IF something brushes against your abdomen, the sensory information is carried on what ramus?

might be unable to breathe on his own

If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect what to possibly occur?

loss of motor function

If a viral disease destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn what might happen?

L1

In an adult, where is the conus medullaris found?

brachial

In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?

polysynaptic reflex

Longer delay between stimulus and response; can produce far more complicated responsed than monosynaptic reflexes, bc the interneurons can control more neurons that activate several muscle groups simultaneously

perineurium

Middle layer of spinal nerve, extend inward from the epineurium

tendon reflex

Monitors the external tension produces during a muscular contraction and prevents tearing or breaking of the tendons

intersegmental reflex arc

Most complicated spinal reflexes, many segments interact to produce a coordinated, highly variable motor response

flexor reflex

Moves a limb away from a painful stimulus

epineurium

Outermost layer of the spinal nerve, consists of a dense network of collagen fibers

paraplegia

Paralysis involving a loss of motor control of the lower, but not the upper, limbs

quadriplegia

Paralysis involving the loss of sensation and motor control of the upper and lower limbs

gray commissure

Posterior to and anterior to the central canal contain axons that cross from one side of the cord to the other before they reach an area in the gray matter

contralateral/crossed extensor reflex

Reflexes that activate muscles on the opposite side of the body as the stimulus are called?

ipsilateral

Reflexes that activate muscles on the same side of the body as the stimulus are called?

innate reflexes

Result from the connections that form between neurons during development; ex: removing hand from hot surface

filum terminale

Slender strand of fibrous tissue, extends from the inferior tip of the conus medullaris

dermatome

Specific bilateral region of the skin surface monitored by a single pair of spinal nerves

reciprocal inhibition

Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called

sensory and motor

Spinal nerves are both?

Babinski reflex

Stroking an infant's foot on the lateral sole produces a fanning of the toes ; response disappears as descending motor pathways develop

pia mater

Subarachnoid space between the arachnoid epithelium and the innermost meningeal layer; elastic and collagen fibers firmly bound to underlying neural tissue

4 regions and 31 segments

The SC consists of how many regions and how many segments?

a spinal nerve

The dorsal and ventral root of each spinal segment unite to form?

dura mater

The layer that forms the outermost covering of the spinal cord; consists of dense collagen fibers oriented along long axis of cord

arachnoid mater

The middle meningeal layer; the inner surface of the dura mater and the outer surface of the arachnoid mater are covered by simple squamous epithelia

subarachnoid space

The region between the network of collagen and elastic fibers that extend between the arachnoid membrane and the outer surface of the pia mater

monosynaptic reflex

The simplest reflex arc, a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron, which serves as the processing center

4

The spinal cord continues to elongate until about age?

divergence

The spread of information from one neuron to several neurons or from one pool to multiple pools

myelinated axons

The white matter of the SC has mainly, what types of axons?

found within skeletal muscle consist of specialized fibers called intrafusal fibers are the receptor for the stretch reflex are innervated by gamma motor neurons

What are some characteristics of muscle spindles?

automatic motor responses simplest form of behavior help preserve homeostasis involve at least two neurons

What are some characteristics of neural reflexes?

One interneuron placed between the sensory and motor neurons

What are some characteristics of polysynaptic reflexes?

cervical, brachial, lumber, and sacral

What are the four major plexuses of the ventral rami?

horns

What are the outward projections from the central gray matter of the SC?

fibular nerve and tibial nerve

What are the two divisions to the sciatic nerve?

Provide a mechanism for the *involuntary control* of the muscular system; superficial(triggered by stimuli at skin) and stretch(triggered by sudden elongation of a tendon) reflexes; ex: knee-jerk

What do somatic reflexes activate?

somatic motor neucli

What do the anterior horns of the SC contain mainly?

sensory neucli

What do the posterior horns of the SC contain mainly?

skin and muscles of back

What does the dorsal ramus innervate?

cell bodies of sensory neurons

What does the dorsal root ganglia mainly contain?

axons of sensory neurons

What does the dorsal root of the spinal nerve contains?

Neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons

What does the gray matter of the SC mostly contain?

adductors of the hip

What does the obturator nerve innervate?

diaphragm

What does the phrenic nerve innervate?

skeletal muscle

What does the somatic motor neurons in the SC control, which muscle groups?

Ventrolateral body surface Structures of the body wall, and limbs

What does the ventral ramus innervate?

axons and motor neurons

What does the ventral root of a spinal nerve contain?

bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions

What does the white bundle of the SC contain?

Sensory information can't travel to the spinal cord causing numbness/pins and needles sensation

What happens if a dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed?

cervical plexus

What innervates most of the muscles of the neck and shoulder?

convergent, divergent, reverberating, parallel processing

What is included in a recognized neuronal circuit patterns?(4 types)

pia mater

What layer of the meninges is in direct contact with the SC?

cervical plexus

What plexus supplies innervation to the diaphragm?

spinal segments that control the limbs

Where do enlargements of the spinal cord occur?

Separates the dura mater from deeper meningeal layers

Where is the subdural space?

polysynaptic reflex

Which would the delay b/t stimulus and response be greater? A monosynaptic or a polysynaptic reflex.

coccygeal ligament

Within the sacral canal, the spinal dura mater tapers from sheath to a dense cord of collagen fibers that blends with components of the filum terminale

What are the ascending and descending tracts organized as?

columns

gray rami communicantes

contain postganglionic fibers that innervate glands and smooth muscles in the body wall or limbs; unmyelinated; dark color

endoneurium

delicate , innermost layer of the spinal nerves, extend from the perineurium and surround individual axons

What process allows CSF to circulate b/t the interstitial fluid and the ependyma?

diffusion

white rami communicantes

first branch from the spinal nerve and carried visceral motor fibers to a nearby sympathetic ganglion; myelinated; light color

Where is the amygdaloid body located?

limbic system

Damage to the superior colliculi would interfere with which reflex ability?

reaction to a bright light

What is a tympanic reflex?

restricts the movement of auditory ossicles

You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to

smell his food

Which antibiotic enters the CNS w/o difficulty b/c it easily crosses the blood-brain barrier?

sulfadiazine

What is folia?

the folds of the cerebellum surface and are less prominent than the folds in the surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres

crossed extensor reflex

the motor response occurs on the side opposite of the stimulus

What are the longitudinal fasciculi?

they connect the frontal lobe to the other lobes of the same hemisphere

Damage to the pyrimdal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect what?

voluntary motor activity