Chapter 13 AP Euro
Ulrich Zwingli
(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war, extremely fond of Erasmus's teachings.
What are indulgences? Why might indulgences be criticized by reformers?
Indulgences are documents issued by the church that decrease time in purgatory, which was believed to bring forgiveness of sins. They would sell these to people. This were criticized because they were ways for the clergy to spread false aspects of religion and collect more revenue. It was corrupt.
What did Queen Eliazbeth decide in terms of religious policy?
She chose a middle course between catholics and puritans. She made church and government officials swear that she is supreme in church and political decisions, and required people to attend church or pay a fine.
What is a politique? Are Henry 4th of France and Queen Elizabeth of England politiques?
A politique is a catholic and protestant moderate who held that only a strong monarchy could save france from total collapse. Yes they are both politiques.
What's a Protestant? What are Protestant ideas re: salvation, religious authority, and a church?
A protestant is a non-catholic western christian group. Protestants believe that salvation comes from faith alone. Religious authority rested in the bible alone, and that the church is a spiritual priesthood of all believers, an invisible fellowship. They disagreed on the Lord's supper: Catholics believed in transubstantiation, that the wine and bread become the blood of god. Lutherans believed Christ is present but its just bread and wine.
What are "benefices?" (Note: sometimes referred to as "pluralism")-what's the...problem with benefices as practiced in the 15th century?
Beneficies/pluralism are church offices held by clergy members. The problem with this is that they never visited or taught in them, hired poor priests, and collected revenues from all the churches without doing their work.
Lutheranism vs Calvinism
Agreed on disliking catholicism and stating that the bible has more authority over the pope. They disagreed on predestination and the relationship between the church and civil authorities. Luther thought the church was subordinate to the state, and Calvin thought the elect have the duty to Christianize the state.
Council of Trent
Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
Why might Calvinism have been so appealing to people, especially nobles?
Calvinism believed in the idea of an elect. People believed people who were a part of the elect, or a special group of people chosen to be saved by god. Many nobles believed they were a part of the elect and sought to regain powers lost in Lutheranism.
What's Calvinism? (And predestination?)
Calvinism is the religion under John Calvin that believed salvation of people is predestined and chosen by God. He believed God had specifically selected him to reform the church. Predestination is the teaching that God has determined the salvation/damnation of people based on his will, not on their work/purpose.
What Catholic-style elements did the new Anglican Church contain?
Church was hierarchical, bishops and archbishops, and services continued to be elaborate with the clergy in distinctive robes.
Elizabeth Tudor
During her reign, England became the leader of the Protestant nations of Europe and laid the foundations for a world empire, Queen of England; ascended throne in 1558. Her reign started religious stability.
What's the Edict of Nantes? Why might the Edict of Nantes be a big deal in European history?
Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV granted liberty of public worship and of conscience to calvinists which helped restore peace in France.It ended the wars of religion by granting religious freedom to huguenots.
How come Holy Roman Emperor Charles V could not crush the Lutherans?
He could not crush the Lutherans because the Catholic King of France sent money to Lutheran princes. Charles agreed to the peace of Augsburg to bring peace to the HRE, however most of northern and central germany became lutheran. Charles wanted a state under one church, but it didnt work.
Why'd Henry VIII create his own Church? (NOT JUST THE WIFE THING!)
He created his own church because his wife failed to produce a male son, and so did his next one. The pope stalled because Henry wanted an annulment but couldn't get one because it would mess up his family.
What are Huguenots? Why might Huguenots be so influential/powerful in France despite being 10% of the population?
Huguenots are French Calvinists. They were so powerful because they were in big cities.
What reforms did the Catholic Church agree to at the Council of Trent?
It gave validity ti scriptures, reaffirmed seven sacraments, transubstantiation, forbode sale of indulgences. Bishops had to teach the clergy. It emphasized redefining the doctrine with self reform and spiritual renewal. It also prohibited private marriages.
Why might religious reformers want to see more change? In general, how did the English people respond to or think of these reforms?
Maybe because the change that was occurring was only the intermediate between two ideas.
How did Luther respond to these peasants?
Luther responded to the revolt by not siding with the peasants. The nobility crushed the revolt, and many peasants died. Luther believed in religious equality, but the peasants must obey a higher power even when they are in the wrong.
What were some non-religious reasons for the spread of Protestant ideas?
Luther used the phrase "we germans" which appealed to german rulers because of their language and tradition. Those who were indifferent to the religious matters at the time were swayed to the religion by other material considerations.
When peasants rebelled in Germany-what were their religious motives? What were their economic motives?
Nobles seized the peasant's common lands, and imposed new rents. They also cited demands that would be supported by scriptures and Luther. The peasants were upset by their treatment from nobles.
What events and/or historical trends damaged the legitimacy and prestige of the Catholic Church?
Papal conflict with german emperor Frederick II, along with the Babylonian captivity and the great schism damaged the prestige of the church. Papal tax collection methods were criticized as well.
Who liked Luther's teachings? Why? (Remember, different elements of Protestant ideology would appeal to different groups of people-there's no one size fits all answer)
Peasants liked Luther's teachings because of his priesthood of all believers, and he believed that all practicers of the religion were spiritually equal, so peasants saw this as an opportunity for equality.
Why did so many people blame witches for their problems during the 16th century?
People blamed witches for their problems because it was easy to blame something that had gone wrong on satan, and so they made it a religious issue.
How religious were Europeans in the 15th and 16th centuries? (Note: 14-1500s)?
People were extremely religious and spent much of their time devoting time religion, while also criticizing the roman catholic church.
What are the terms of the 1555 Peace of Augsburg? Do you think this counts as religious freedom?
Political authority in each territory was permitted to decide wether the territory would be catholic or Lutheran. Every territory could choose their religion, and if you didn't like it you could convert or leave. Somewhat freedom of religion, but not really.
What caused one to be saved, according to Luther ? Why was this a big deal? (Consider the role of a Pope in Luther's thinking)
Salvation was achieved by faith alone. This was a big deal because he claimed traditions of the church don't reveal God's word, only scriptures do that. Luther's word was spread by the printing press.
Context: What powers did the French monarchs have over Catholic positions in France?
The Concordat of Bologna gave the french crown the right to appoint all french bishops and abbots, ensuring a rich supplement of money and offices. They had a vested financial interest in catholicism.
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
thousands of French Huguenots and other Protestants killed at wedding of Henry of Navarre
What's the significance of the Diet of Worms?
The Diet of worms was the assembly of the nobility, clergy, and cities of the Holy Roman Empire in the german city state of Worms. They summoned Luther and demanded him to take back his ideas, but he refused and his appearance created an even broader audience for reform causing more people to want change.
What do you notice about the new Catholic orders: The Ursuline order of Nuns and the Jesuits?
The Ursuline order of nuns focused on education of women. It was a goal to re-christianize society by training future wives and mothers. Jesuits were members of the society of Jesus, whose goal was to spread the Roman Catholic faith. The new catholic orders were meant to educate people on and spread religion.
What is the Union of Utrecht? Is Philip II a politique?
The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
Spanish Armada
The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships. It was sent to invade England as a religious crusade against protestantism.
What was the Inquisition's take on witchcraft?
The inquisition executed way fewer witches.
How did the Habsburgs attempt to establish political legitimacy/authority?
They married their children to the royal children of other countries to spread their power. They used marriage to spread their power by marrying their children to heirs and heiresses of thrones in other countries.
How did the Protestant Reformation affect women's rights and roles (or do you think nothing really changed?). Consider prostitution, convents, etc. in addition to marriage
Women were supposed to model wifely obedience and Christian charity. Women were supposed to be the subjects of their husbands, so not much has changed. They condemned prostitution, and women were placed in covnents (not by choice) but had access to some education there.
Roman Inquisition
a committee of six cardinals with judicial authority over all Catholics and the power to arrest, imprison, and execute suspected heretics. the Roman Inquisition was responsible for prosecuting individuals accused of committing offenses relating to heresy, including Protestantism, sorcery, immorality, blasphemy, Judaizing and witchcraft, as well as for censorship of printed literature. It prohibited books of christian humanism such as erasmus.
Colloquy of Marburg?
a meeting at Marburg Castle, which attempted to solve a dispute between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over the Real Presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper
Anticlericism
opposition to the clergy- caused by clerical immorality, ignorance, and pluralism (having more than 1 church leadership position at once)
Habsburg-Valois Wars
rivalry between Charles V and Valois king of France, Francis I that became in conflict after disputed territory in southern France, the Netherlands, the Rhineland, northern Spain and Italy.