Chapter 13

analysis of urbanization

1st Stage the population is primarily rural, engaged in agricultural pursuits, and of a dispersed nature 2nd stage, referred to by Northam as the Acceleration Stage, is a period in which an increasingly large share of the population lives in urban centers. 3rd Acceleration Stage also involves a basic restructuring of the economy; there is a rapid shift from agriculture to industry, with a notable concentration of economic activity in the city. Final stage in the urbanization process is referred to by Northam as the Terminal Stage

Suburban housing

A detached single-family dwelling rather than a row house or apartment. •Private land surrounding the house. •Space to park several cars at no cost. •A great opportunity for home ownership. •A private retreat from the stress of urban living.

Metropolitan statistical area

An urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000. The county within which the city is located. Adjacent counties with a high population density and a large percentage of residents working in central city's county

Boswash Megalopolis,

Boswash corridor, Megalopolis extends more than 700 kilometers (440 miles) from Boston on the northeast to Washington, D.C., on the southwest

Other megalopolises are

ChiPits(Chicago -Pittsburg) and SanSan(San Diego -San Francisco) in the U.S.A.; Tokaido(Tokyo -Yokohama). Also, in Europe are important urban complexes: in Germany -German Ruhr, in Netherlands -Randstad

urban definition

Definitions differ from one country to the next. Sometimes what helps distinguish urban from rural areas is the nature of the population, particularly the extent to which it is nonagricultural

Applying the Models

If the models are combined they help to explain where different types of people live in a city

Cities in Developing Countries

In LDC, as in Europe, the poor people are accommodated in the suburbs, whereas the wealthy live near the center of the cities, as well as in a sector extending from the center The center of Islamic cities has a mosque, bazaar or marketplace, which serve as the commercial core.

urbanized area.

In the United States, the central city and the surrounding built-up suburbs

CBD

Land value very high

smart growth

Legislation to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland

Louis Wirth

defined a city as a permanent settlement that has three characteristics -large size, high population density, and socially heterogeneous people

Sector model

developed in 1939 by Homer Hoyt. According to Hoyt, the city develops in a series of sectors, not rings. As a city grows, activities expand outward in a sector, from the center high-rent sector moves from its point of origin near CBD, along established routes of travel, toward another nucleus of high-rent buildings develop toward high ground or along waterfronts when these areas are not use for industry a high-rent sector will move along the route of fastest transportation move toward open space

Specialized nodes

emerge in the edge cities -hotels and warehouses around an airport, park, and service center near the junction of the beltway

Moscow's medieval core

The Central Squares Ringfollows the oldest locations in central Moscow, forming first ring road is surrounded by a set of ring roads

Suburbanization

The suburban population has grown faster than the overall population in the USA.

Central business district (CBD)

is the downtown of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually high; and transportation systems converge

The U.S. Bureau of the Census created a method of measuring the functional area of a city.

metropolitan statistical area (MSA).

Megalopolis

refers to adjacent overlapping Metropolitan Statistical Areas.

Multiple-nuclei model

states that some activities are attracted to particular nodes certain activities require specialized facilities, such as accessible transportation for a factory or large areas of open land for a housing tract certain activities cluster together because they profit from association certain activities repel each other and will not be found in the same area certain activities could not make a profit if they paid the high rent of most locations

sector model

was developed in 1939 by Homer Hoyt. According to Hoyt, the city develops in a series of sectors, not rings. As a city grows, activities expand outward in a sector, from the center

peripheral model

an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road

LDC

are unable to house the growing number of poor people. Their cities are growing because of population increase and migration from rural areas for job opportunities

Squatter settlements

bariios, barriadas,and favelasin Latin America, bidonvillesin North Africa, busteesin India, gecekonduin Turkey, and kampongsin Malaysia

Cities

can be defined in three ways -by legal boundary, as urbanized area, and as a functional area.

Suburbs

characterized by sprawl, which is the spread of development over the landscape

3 models of urban structure

concentric zone, sector, and multiple nuclei models

Structure of Europe's Cities

contain more residents and consumer services than do United States CBDs. As in the United States of America, wealthier people in European cities cluster along a sector extending out from the CBD

concentric zone model

created in 1923 by sociologist E.W. Burgess to explain the distribution of different social groups within urban areas

edge cities

beltway are nodes of consumer and business services