Chapter 13 Forging the National Economy 1790-1860

Map Activity: Industry and agriculture, 1860: Complete the following table by matching the inventor with the description of his invention. Then, select the region of the United States that benefited the most from the new innovation. 1. Eli Whitney 2. Cyrus Field 3. John Deere

1. A machine that separates cotton fiber from the seed. South 2. A telegraph line across the Atlantic Ocean. North 3. A steel tool to prepare the soil for planting. West

Critical Thinking Activity: Forging a national economy: Mechanization and innovation represented the driving engine of growth in the nineteenth century. What were the principal areas of innovation during this period? Check all that apply.

1. Agricultural and factory production 2. Transportation and communication

Where did the worst anti-Catholic violence occur in 1834 and 1844?

Boston and Philadelphia

Why was American industry slow to develop?

U.S. manufacturers had difficulty competing in quality and price with imported European goods.

What did the Supreme Court rule in Commonwealth v. Hunt?

labor unions were legal

Map Activity: Industry and agriculture, 1860: The economy in the South was based on__________. Comparing the agriculture and industrial activity of the North and South in 1860, just prior to the Civil War, reveals how_________ each other these regions were.

1. agriculture 2. dependent on

Primary Source Activity: Immigration: Which statement best describes the evolution of tone in the letters Edward Phillips wrote to his brother?

From cautious to positive

All of the following were results of the construction of the Erie Canal except:

It eliminated the need for the railroad.

Which of the following was true about the cult of domesticity?

It limited women's opportunities outside the home.

Where did almost all the growth of the American population after 1820 come from?

Natural increase rather than immigration

Map Activity: Industry and agriculture, 1860: What can you extrapolate about the total population of the country in 1860 based on the number of major cities and the diversity of economic activity?

The North was the most densely populated region.

Which was a major economic consequence of the transportation and marketing revolutions?

A widened gap between great wealth and poverty

Why was the invention of McCormick's reaper significant?

It fueled the establishment of large-scale commercial agriculture.

Primary Source Activity: Immigration: What did the Supreme Court rule in Commonwealth v. Hunt

Labor unions were legal

The great Irish immigration of the 1840s primarily stimulated by what?

The potato famine in Ireland

Image Analysis Primary Source Activity: Based on the image, what can be inferred about working conditions in this factory?

Work could be isolating

What did Eli Whitney's cotton gin enable?

Cotton production to expand from the coastal areas to the vast plains of Alabama and Mississippi

Image Analysis Primary Source Activity: What, according to the image, is the highest priority of the factory owner?

the quality of the work

Critical Thinking Activity: Forging a national economy: In the following table, determine whether each statement about innovation, industrialization, and population growth in the nineteenth century is true or false. 1. Growth of industrialization in the United States correlated to an influx of immigrants in the 1840s. 2. The high price of land contributed to the slow growth of industrialization in the United States. 3. The quality and price of manufactured goods from Britain provided stiff competition to American manufacturers. 4. The election of Andrew Jackson in 1828 represented a victory for capitalists against the demands of the laboring classes.

1. true 2. false 3. true 4. false

Critical Thinking Activity: Forging a national economy: A tour of the factories in Lowell, Massachusetts, reveals the opportunities available to those willing to work hard and learn new skills. Nearly all the workers are________ from New England farms. Recently, many of these workers have begun to call for changes in their working conditions. Citing the 1840 work limit of ten hours per day for some federal employees instituted by__________, workers in Lowell are asking for reductions to their work schedules of six days per week and twelve to thirteen hours per day.

1. young, single women 2. President Van Buren

What did the legal principle of free incorporation mean?

Businessmen could create corporations without applying for individual state charters.

Image Analysis Primary Source Activity: What does the image imply was necessary for all employees on the factory floor?

That they be women

What happened as the new continental market economy grew?

The home came to be viewed as a refuge from the workday world.

All of the following were true of German immigrants except:

The majority were liberal political refugees after the collapse of the democratic revolutions of 1848.

Ecological imperialism, as exemplified during the American historical period of 1790 to 1860, can best be described as what?

The wanton, heedless exploitation of natural resources by humans aggressively engaged in economic development and trade

Critical Thinking Activity: Forging a national economy: Why were so many women in New England enticed by factory work?

Their preindustrial work on the farm had been eliminated.

Why was life on the frontier especially difficult for women?

They experienced extreme loneliness and mental breakdowns from weeks without seeing another person.