chapter 13 questions
_______% of all youths are involved in juvenile delinquency - 5% - 2% - 3% - 10%
- 2%
How many US state currently have mandates to include character education in school curriculums? - 30 - 40 - 10 - 25
- 40
Which of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning has not been found in all cultures? - 5 and 6 - 3 and 4 - 7 and 8 - 1 and 2
- 5 and 6
Gustavo Carlo and his colleagues have confirmed there are ________ dif types of prosocial behavior. - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7
- 6
Based on a recent study, which of the following statements apply to developmental changes in religiousness from age 14 to 20? select all that apply - Attendance of religious services was highest at 18 years of age - Attendance of religious services decline between 14 and 18 years of age - Religiousness declined for 14 to 20 years of age - More change occurred in attending religious services than in religiousness
- Attendance of religious services decline between 14 and 18 years of age - Religiousness declined for 14 to 20 years of age - More change occurred in attending religious services than in religiousness
having a low level of self-control, lower intelligence, and a lack of sustained attention are all __________ factors implicated in delinquency - economic - behavioral - cognitive - societal
- Cognitive
13-year-old Rilie sneaks out of the house often. She and her friends destroy property, drink alcohol, and smoke cigs. Rilie's therapist has diagnosed her with: - Conduct disorder - ADHD - difficult temperament - explosive anger syndrome
- Conduct disorder
At 85 years old, Darlene is content. She has things to do, meets plenty of people, and is in good health. Which of the following is MOST likely true? - Darlene receives psychotherapy - Darlene lives in a nursing home - Darlene never married - Darlene participates in religious faith
- Darlene participates in religious faith
What are the two main components of the superego? - Ego ideal and conscience - Guilt and ego ideal - Ambivalence and id - Ego and id
- Ego ideal and conscience
what term involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes that person's feelings? - Perspective taking - Empathy - Listening - Altruism
- Empathy
Which of the following are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? select all that apply - He developed only eight stages of development across the life span and many think that is too few - He concerned himself too much with the care perspective - He did not adequately take the influence of culture and family into account - He based the theory of hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior
- He did not adequately take the influence of culture and family into account - He based the theory of hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior
Children at the _________ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people - Perspective taking - Autonomous - Heteronomous - Homonomous
- Heteronomous
Which of the following are considered moral virtues of moral character? select all that apply - Honesty - Loyalty - Truthfulness - Independence
- Honesty - Loyalty - Truthfulness
Research has found which of the following positive outcomes of adolescents taking part in service learning activities? select all that apply - Increased goal setting - Higher self-esteem - Higher grades in school - Decreased volunteer activities later
- Increased goal setting - Higher self-esteem - Higher grades in school
In the Child Development Project, students are given multiple opportunities to discuss other students' experiences, and they participate in an exercise that encourages them to reflect on their own behaviors in terms of such values like fairness and social responsibility. This program is taking a(n) __________ approach to moral development - Care only - Integrative - Reflective only - Justice only
- Integrative
___________ ________ refers to the actions taken by an adolescent in breaking the law or engaging in behavior that is considered illegal - adolescent crisis - prosocial behavior - juvenile delinquency - conduct disorder
- Juvenile delinquency
The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved 6 stages was: - Kohlberg - Piaget - Erikson - Bendura
- Kohlberg
Kohlberg argued that which of the following factors are the most important influences on a child's movement through the moral stages? select all that apply - Perspective taking - Direct instruction from the parent - experience in dealing with moral questions - peer interaction
- Perspective taking - experience in dealing with moral questions - peer interaction
__________ cognitive stages of development serve as underpinnings for ___________ theory, but in this latter model there are six stages of moral development - Erikson's; Kohlberg's - Kohlberg's; Piaget's - Piaget's; Kohlberg's - Piaget's; Erikson's
- Piaget's; Kohlberg's
Studies repot that there is ____________ associated between religious participation and longevity - a positive - a neutral - no - a negative
- a positive
if students see their friends get away with cheating, they are more likely to: - fail out of school - work harder - report their friends - also begin to cheat
- also begin to cheat
Although finances are tight, William contributes 10% of his income to his church monthly. This is an act of: - altruism - empathy - antisocial behavior - sympathy
- altruism
Which of the following are types of prosocial behaviors identified by Gustavo Carlo and his colleagues? select all that apply - private - altruism - emotional - anonymous
- altruism - emotional - anonymous
Some theorists suggest that negative feelings such as ________ contribute to children's moral development. select all that apply - independence - anger - guilt - outrage
- anger - guilt - outrage
What type of parenting style inhibits the advancement of moral reasoning in young children? - authoritative - neglectful - authoritarian - indulgent
- authoritarian
At an Easter egg hunt, the small children allowed to start hunting a few mins before the older children begin. This is an example of fairness according to: - merit - equity - benevolence - confusion
- benevolence
Proponents of ______________ believe that certain behaviors are wrong and that every school should have an explicit moral code that teaches students what is right and wrong - Values clarification programs - the social cognitive theory of morality - hidden curriculum - character education
- character education
Which of the following do most developmentalists emphasize as the parent's role in moral development? select all that apply - selection of friends - communication with children - communication with school officials - discipline techniques
- communication with children - discipline techniques
Moral __________ include what individuals are capable of doing, what they know, their skills, their awareness or moral rules and regulations, and their cognitive ability to construct behaviors - performance - perceptions - decisions - competence
- competence
the three levels of moral thinking according to Kohlberg are: select 3 - conventional - post-conventional - past conventional - unconventional - pre-conventional
- conventional - postconventional - preconeventional
Select all of the following that may be the cause for delinquency: - parents inability to restrict social roles - family experiences - identity problems - heredity
- family experiences - identity problems - heredity
which behaviors have been linked to health benefits for older adults? - helping others - working for pay - receiving help from others
- helping others
_________ is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. Young children believe in this type of justice - automatic justice - immanent justice - moral justice - autonomous morality
- immanent justice
Which of the following are family issues associated with increased delinquency? select all that apply - inappropriate discipline - inconsistent discipline - family consistency - family discord
- inappropriate discipline - inconsistent discipline - family discord
prosocial behavior will increase in adolescence as a result of which of the following? select all that apply - increased empathy toward others - advanced in abstract and logical reasoning - increased emotional understanding - a decrease in empathy for others
- increased empathy toward others - advanced in abstract and logical reasoning - increased emotion
Which of the following are factors associated with delinquency? select all that apply - lack of sustained attention - lower intelligence - low self-control - high level or specific attention
- lack of sustained attention - lower intelligence - low self-control
Experts have now concluded that there is _______ evidence to support Carol Gilligan's claim that Kolberg played down females' moral thinking. - little - substantial - no - conclusive
- little
What type of development involves thoughts feelings and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people? - moral - physical - cognitive - emotional
- moral
According to domain theory, a rule regarding which fork to use when eating salad is an example of social conventional reasoning, but a rule about murder is an example of: - moral reasoning - social reasoning - pre-conventional reasoning - post-conventional reasoning
- moral reasoning
Baumeister and Vohs found that there are four needs in our quest for a meaningful life. They include: select all that apply - need for values - need for a sense of efficiency - need for self-worth - need to begin a family - need to make money - need for purpose
- need for values - need for a sense of efficiency - need for self-worth - need for purpose
According to Kohlberg, the effect of family on moral development is: - not as important as peer relations - more important than peer relations - equally important as peer relations
- not as important as peer relations
According to the Pittsburgh Youth Study, what are three developmental pathways to delinquency? - close family supervision - overt aggressive acts - academic excellence - covert acts - authority conflict
- overt aggressive acts - covert acts - authority conflict
Which of the following are important aspects of the parent-child relationship that contribute to a child's moral development? Select all that apply - parental discipline - relational quality - conversational dialog - problem-solving skills - proactive strategies
- parental discipline - relational quality - conversational dialog - proactive strategies
Children's willingness to embrace the values of their _________ greatly contributes to their development of conscience - friends - parents - teachers - grandparents
- parents
Securely attached adolescents are more inclined to adopt the religious orientation of their _________ - neighborhood - teachers - peers - parents
- parents
Conversations about moral development should focus on what type of events? - past, immediate, and future - immediate and present - past and future - future and present
- past, immediate and future
The parenting strategy of being _________ helps to avert potential misbehavior by children before it takes place - overactive - proactive - reactive
- proactive
which of the following factors influence moral decisions made by individuals? - innate morality - punishment - reinforcement - imitation
- punishment - reinforcement - imitation
Which of the following aspects of the parent-child relationship does NOT contribute to a child's moral development? - relational quality - parental discipline - reactive strategies - conversational dialogue
- reactive strategies
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding religion and coping? - religious cognitions can help maintain hope and stimulate motivation toward recovery - religious beliefs can shape a person's psychological perception of pain or disability - religiousness impairs effective coping - religion can forestall anxiety and depression by promoting social interaction
- religiousness impairs effective coping
____________ have a large influence of cildren's moral development bc of the extensive time spent - parents - peers - church - schools
- schools
Melissa and Adrens went to Peru with their parents to help build a school for local villagers. They participated in: - hidden curriculum - empathic service - service learning - cognitive moral education
- service learning
Which theory states that there are different areas of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social and personal domains? - social domain - prosocial - personality - social
- social domain
According to developmental researchers, children's obligations in close parent-child relationships include all of the following, EXCEPT: - spending weekly quality time with the parents - maintaining a positive relationship with parents - responding appropriately to parents' initiatives
- spending weekly quality time with parents
Researcher Garbarino found a __________ emptiness in young killers he interviewed. - spiritual - religious - personal - psychological
- spiritual
According to Victor Frankl, the three most distinct human qualities are freedom, responsibility - religion - meaning - spirituality - faith
- spirituality
What can be concluded about religion and identity development? - spirituality in adolescence and emerging adulthood transcends but doesn't necessarily exclude the assigned religious identity childhood - spirituality in adolescence and emerging adulthood excluded religious identity in childhood - spirituality in adolescence and emerging adulthood in unable is unable to transcend the assigned religious identity in childhood
- spirituality in adolescence and emerging adulthood transcends but doesn't necessarily exclude the assigned religious identity childhood
All of the following statements about religion in middle adulthood are true, except: - over 70% of adults in the US said they were religious - some adults become more religious as they age, whereas others become less religious - spirituality increases more for men than women in the second half of life - there is great variability in the influence or religion in middle adults' lives
- spirituality increases more for men than women in the second half of life
Select the statement that explains gender differences in prosocial behavior - the largest gender dif in prosocial behavior in consideration - the largest gender dif in prosocial behavior is kindness and consideration - the largest gender dif in prosocial behavior is sharing - the largest gender dif in prosocial behavior is kindness
- the largest gender dif in prosocial behavior is kindness and consideration
The major criticism of Kohlberg's theory has been that: - there are not enough steps in his theory of moral development - his stage of industry versus inferiority does not adequately explain what occurs in middle-to-late childhood - there is a difference between moral thought and moral behavior
- there is a difference between moral thought and moral behavior
beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be according to what is important to an individual are: - categories - scripts - values - schemas
- values
A child who considers a person's intentions, as well as the consequences of a given action, is in Piaget's ______________ morality stage
Autonomous
Carol Gilligan's _____________ perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others and concern for others
Care
According to Freud, two moral devices help the superego engorce moral behavior. The ________ _________ rewards children, whereas the _________ punishes children
Ego ideal; Conscience
True or false: In terms of honesty, what children do in one situation is strongly related to what they do in other situations
False
true or false: Kohlberg argues that emotion has positive effects on moral reasoning
False: Kohlberg argues that emotion has a negative effect on moral reasoning. Other researchers argue that emotions play an important role in making choices involving moral issues
_________ therapy is offten effective reducing delinquency
Family
Prosocial behavior includes forgiveness and ____________, or the ability ti be thankful and appreicative
Gratitude
________________ _______________ is the first stage of Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning; individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange is the second
Heteronomous morality
Individuals have a moral ___________ when moral notions and commitments are central to their life
Identity
Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's ________________ perspective of moral development adn argued for a ______________ perspective which views people in terms of their connectedness with others
Justice; Care
In kohlberg and Piaget's views or moral development _________ play the primary role, and ___________ provide role-taking opportunities
Peers; parents
____________ ____________ is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and community assistance
Service learning
The _____________ _____________ theory of morality emphisizes a disinction between an individual's moral competence and moral performance
Social cognitive
Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning includes two stages: interpersonal expectaions, realtionships, and interpersonal conformity is one; _______________ ______________ morality is the other
Social systems
True or false: According to Haidt, one of the major flaws in Kohlberg's theory is that moral thinking is deliberative and individuals spend time reasoning about morality
True
Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning consosts if two stages: social contract or utility and individual rights is one; ____________ _____________ principles is the other
Universal ethical
____________ behaviors or conduct disorders are much more common in males than in females
antisocial
Adolescents and emerging adults can question and select their own deliefs about religion because of advancement in ____________ development
cognitive
Another way to morally educate is ____________ moral education which is based on the belief that students should learn to value things such as democracy and justice
cognitive
Moral ___________ are people who have moral personalities, identity, and character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment
exemplars
an aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation is called ____________
forgiveness
Most schools don't have a plan for moral education, they provide moral education through a _____________ curriculum, or moral atmosphere
hidden
Religion and coping focuses on _____________-making coping
meaning
According to the World Values survey, 18 to 24 years old in less developed countries where __________ likely to be religious compared to emerging adults in more developed countries - less - more - equally
more
Researchers have defined moral __________ as consisting of moral identity, moral character, and moral exemplars
personality
_______________ ____________ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state
perspective taking
_________ behavior is caring about the welfare and right of others, feeling concern and empathy
prosocial
___________ is an organized set of beliefs, whereas _________ refers to the degree of affiliation with an organized religion
religion; religiousness
As part of the development during adolescence and emerging adulthood, individuals also may question their _______ beliefs
religious
__________ and spiritual beliefs play a role in adolescents' health and whether they engage in problem behaviors
religious
Nicole had the opportunity to cheat on her math exam, however, she had the ability to resit themptation and exercise ______________-_____________
self-control
True or false: According to research, during their second year of life, children will offer assistance to an unfamiliar experimenter, building on their awareness of others; the intention
ture
____________-clarification is another way to provide moral education, helping people to see and understand what their lives mean and what is worth working for
values
