Chapter 13 Quiz
Hypertension is considered stage 2 when blood pressure rises above ___ systolic or over ___ diastolic "110, 70" "80, 200" "200, 99" "140, 90"
140, 90
The DASH eating plan recommends daily servings of various foods, including: 1-2 servings of vegetables daily. 4-5 servings of fruits daily. 4-5 servings of low-fat dairy products daily. 4-5 servings of nuts and seeds daily. 2-3 servings of sweets daily.
4-5 servings of fruits daily
Any of the four mechanisms can initiate an Ml or angina in an individual with IHD except: A long term blockage of a coronary artery Hemorrhage into an atherosclerotic plaque Arterial Spasm Increase in myocardial oxygen demand
A long term blockage of a coronary artery
What are some of the causes of congestive heart failure? HTN Impaired left ventricular myocardial function Impaired right ventricular myocardial function Both A and B Both A and C
Both A and B
Atherosclerosis begins as in increase in collagen an attraction of platelets that form small clots an inflammatory process a response to injury
a response to injury
The components of metabolic syndrome include elevated triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, insulin resistance, elevated blood pressure, and: abdominal obesity. cerebral edema. low exercise tolerance. muscle tetany. early-onset dementia.
abdominal obesity
The pathogenesis of hypertension is due to: smoking renal disease adrenal disorder neurological diseases all of the above "a, b, and c"
all of the above
Which describes a non-invasive test used in patients with symptoms of PAD that measures the blood pressure in the upper and lower extremities at rest and after exercise? magnetic resonance angiography radionucleotide imaging positron emission tomography ankle-brachial index CT angiography
ankle-brachial index
The repeating contraction and relaxation of the heart is termed the: ejection fraction. end diastolic volume. stroke volume. cardiac output. cardiac cycle.
cardiac cycle
Which is an example of a high-sodium product that should be limited in a patient with heart failure? edamame flour tortillas chocolate milk tuna eggnog
chocolate milk
Which is an example of a polyunsaturated fat source? butter corn oil lard coconut oil palm oil
corn oil
The three layers of the heart include (check the three that apply): epicardium pericardium myocardium exocardium endocardium
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Which is an example of a loop diuretic used in the treatment of hypertension? furosemide hydrochlorothiazide acetazolamide spironolactone methazolamide
furosemide
All the following are factors that increase HDL-C except: Genetics Smoking cessation Exogenous estrogen Weight loss in obese All of the above increase HDL-C
genetics
CHF begins with injury to the ___ or ___ ventricle hypertrophy that impairs overall function of the heart Right atrium of the heart, Left Left atrium of the heart, Right Heart. Right Heart, Left
heart, left
The most common cause of heart failure in women is: hypertension. ischemic heart disease. peripheral arterial disease. myocardial infarction. acute coronary syndrome
hypertension
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the occlusion of blood flow in non-coronary arteries and usually occurs ___ in the right arm in the left arm in the right leg in the pelvis and legs
in the pelvis and legs
A dietitian is helping a client with determining sodium content of food to manage her hypertension. The label on a product reads, "140 mg or less of sodium per serving." This product would be classified as: sodium free. very low sodium. low sodium. unsalted. high in sodium.
low sodium
"Hypertension is the chronic elevation of blood pressure, which is measured by the systolic or __ pressure and diastolic or __ pressure." maximum/minimum minimum/maximum
maximum/minimum
Alterable risk factors for atherosclerosis include "obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, physical activity, diet, smoking, and family history" "obesity, dyslipidemia, age, physical activity, diet, smoking, and family history" "obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, physical activity, diet, smoking, and sex" "obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, physical activity, diet, and smoking"
obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, physical activity, diet, and smoking
During the development of atherosclerosis, as platelets adhere to the sub-endothelial surfaces, they begin to secrete both adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and: nitric oxide. platelet-derived growth factor. C-reactive protein. plasminogen activator inhibitor. thromboxane A2.
platelet-derived growth factor
Symptoms of angina may include nausea, pain in the arm and neck, sweating, and: hemorrhage. chills. edema. rash. shortness of breath.
shortness of breath
MAP is regulated by (check the three that apply) sympathetic nervous system GI function renin-angiotensin system renal function peripheral nervous system
sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin system, renal function
Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected with each contraction of the right ventricle the amount of blood ejected with each contraction of the left ventricle The amount of blood pumped within the pericardial sac
the amount of blood ejected with each contraction of the left ventricle
Uncontrolled contractions of the heart ventricle that are often associated with myocardial infarction are known as: ventricular tachycardia. ventricular fibrillation. ventricular shock arrhythmias. atrial fibrillation. complete heart block.
ventricular fibrillation
Research recommends how much daily intake from saturated fat food sources? No more than 15% of total kcal No more than 12% of total kcal No more than 10% of total kcal No more than 7% of total kcal 0% to no more than 5% of total kcal
No more than 7% of total kcal
The right atria and the right ventricle make up the right heart and pump blood to: the left heart. the pulmonary circulation. the superior vena cava. the aortic artery. the inferior vena cava.
the pulmonary circulation
______ is an impairment of the ventricles' capacity to eject blood from the heart or to fill with blood CHF PAD IHD HTN
CHF
Angiotensin II alters BP by all of the following except: Causing the kidneys to decrease sodium and water excretion Causing the arterioles and veins to dilate Causing the arterioles and veins to constrict Increasing secretion of hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
Causing the arterioles and veins to dilate
IHD is defined as: Characterized by inadequate blood supply to the heart An occlusion of blood flow in non-coronary arteries An impairment of the ventricle's capacity to eject blood from the heart or to fill with blood The thickening of the blood vessel walls specifically caused by the presence of plaque
Characterized by inadequate blood supply to the heart
The Pathogenesis/Pathophysiology of hypertension includes all the following Modules except: Smoking Renal Disease Conversion Disorder Neurological Diseases
Conversion Disorder
Atherosclerosis can result in:
N/A
What term is used to describe occlusion of blood flow in non-coronary arteries?
PAD
What disease may result in tissue death associated with gangrene and loss of a limb? MI CVA PVD CHF HTN
PVD
What is the classification of a HDL-C lab value of 32 mg/dl? Negative risk factor for CVD Positive risk factor for CVD
Positive risk factor for CVD
Many myocardial cells have the capability of generating spontaneous electrical activity. Under normal conditions electrical activity is initiated in the heart at the ___ AV bundle Subendocardial branches AV node SA node Purkinje fibers
SA node
___ occurs as a result of another primary problem, such as renal disease or, other cardiovascular disease, endocrine disorders, or neurological Primary HTN Essential HTN Secondary HTN Both a and B
Secondary HTN
All the following are alterable risk factors for atherosclerosis except: Obesity Dyslipidemia Sex HTN
Sex
All the following are clinical manifestations of congestive heart failure (CHF) except: Fatigue SOB (Dyspnea) Orthopnea Sleep apnea
Sleep apnea
Which best describes an echocardiogram, which may be used to diagnose heart disease? Radionucleotides attached to red blood cells allow for visualization of the heart while beating Vital signs are measured after a session of prescribed exercise on a treadmill A technician takes a graphic recording of the heart's electrical activity A catheter is inserted from an appropriate artery or vein into the ventricle Sound waves are used to document anatomy and function of the heart
Sound waves are used to document anatomy and function of the heart
A reading of 140/90 mmHg is considered to be ___ Stage 1 Hypertensive Normal Elevated Stage 2 hypertension
Stage 2 hypertension
A reading of 158/99 mmHg is consider what level of hypertension? Normal Elevated Stage 1 hypertension Stage 2 hypertension
Stage 2 hypertension
T/F: A comprehensive approach that addresses multiple lifestyle factors has the most significant effect on blood pressure control for hypertensive individuals
True
T/F: Angiotensin is secreted when blood pressure is low
True
T/F: As heart failure progresses, the heart compensates for poor cardiac output by increasing the force of contraction and thus increases in size and pumps less often causing fluid accumulation in the heart
True
T/F: By themselves TG levels are associated with an increased risk of CVD. But, with other lipids, especially HDL-C, the association is not significant
True
T/F: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in both men and women in the US
True
T/F: Clients with atrial fibrillation should be educated on foods that are high in vitamin K and how to check product labels for vitamin K contents
True
T/F: Hypertriglyceridemia may be related to the insulin resistance and consequent hyperinsulinemia of obesity
True
T/F: Hypothyroidism leading to obesity has also been identified as a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis
True
T/F: In congestive heart failure (CHF), blood pressure begins to change, contributing to dysfunction. As a result, the heart grows weakens and dilates
True
T/F: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is characterized by inadequate blood supply to the heart
True
T/F: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is often misdiagnosed or undiagnosed in females because they tend to experience angina pain differently than men
True
T/F: Ischemic heart disease has the same risk factors as atherosclerosis
True
T/F: LDL-C is the primary transporter of cholesterol in the blood; total cholesterol and increased HDL-C are highly correlated.
True
T/F: The causes of an acute MI or unstable angina are plaque erosion, rupture of a plaque resulting in formation of a thrombus, and vasoconstriction
True
Which factors(s) increase TG levels: Estrogens Obesity Uncontrolled diabetes Genetics All the above
All the above
Coronary attacks are preceded by ___, the primary symptom of IHD Heart attacks Dyspnea Angina Fatigue
Angina
Patients who have structural heart disease but demonstrate no symptoms of heart failure are classified as having which stage of the disease? A B C D E
B
What best describes how ACE inhibitors work to control hypertension? Decreasing blood volume by increasing urinary output Blocking beta-receptors in the heart to decrease heart rate and cardiac output Decreasing peripheral vascular resistance by interfering with the production of angiotensin II from angiotensin I Reducing stroke volume Affecting the movement of calcium, which causes the blood vessels to relax
Decreasing peripheral vascular resistance by interfering with the production of angiotensin Il from angiotensin I
Risk factors for congestive heart failure include (check the four that apply) Diabetes mellitus ischemic heart disease right ventricular hypertrophy hypertension left ventricular hypertrophy
Diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy
Which condition has been a factor associated with primary hypertension? Decreased secretion of vasopressin Differences in genes that affect sodium retention Increased levels of nitrous oxide in the bloodstream Decreased production of angiotensinogen Type 1 diabetes and diminished insulin production
Differences in genes that affect sodium retention
T/F: An individual who is currently taking antihypertensive medication is not considered to have hypertension if the blood pressure normalizes as a result of the medication
False
T/F: Current recommendations include maintenance of dietary fat intake within 10%-15% of total caloric intake for patients with atherosclerosis
False
T/F: HDL is usually low in obesity and therefore the LDL:HDL ratio is low
False
T/F: The cardiac cycle involves the repeated contraction and relaxation of the heart. The contraction is the diastole and relaxation is the systole
False
T/F: The prevailing theory for the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is that the disease begins as a response to injury that results in hemorrhage.
False
Measurement of blood pressure is expressed using systolic ___, ___ over diastolic ___, ___ Higher number, minimum pressure; lower number, maximum pressure Higher number, maximum pressure; lower number, minimum pressure Lower number, minimum pressure; higher number, maximum pressure Lower number, maximum pressure; higher number, minimum pressure
Higher number, maximum pressure; lower number, minimum
Which describes a recommendation for lifestyle changes that may be made to control hypertension? Engage in 30 minutes of physical activity per week Avoid alcohol completely Consume no more than 3400 mg of sodium per day Increase fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy in the diet Maintain a BMI between 25 and 29.9
Increase fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy in the diet
