Chapter 13 Smart Book
Roughly ______ of all youths are involved in juvenile delinquency.
2 percent
According to Piaget, what type of parenting style would most inhibit the advancement of moral reasoning in young children?
Authoritarian
______ morality is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.
Autonomous
Which of the following best describes prosocial behavior?
Concern and empathy for others
______ ______ refers to age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, society's standards, and the personal or property rights of others.
Conduct disorder
Which factors did Kohlberg consider the most important influences on a child's movement through the moral stages? (Choose every correct answer.)
Experience in dealing with moral questions Perspective taking Peer interaction
True or false: According to Kohlberg, children's maturation corresponds to their advancement in moral reasoning.
False
True or false: Religion is not a determining factor in the premarital sexual attitudes and behaviors of adolescents and emerging adults.
False
Conduct disorders and delinquency are LEAST likely to be diagnosed in which of the following?
Female
In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?
He interviewed people and gave them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve.
The combination of which three of the following most contributes to conduct problems in children?
Ineffective parenting Genetic inheritance Violent neighborhood
Which of the following accurately describe Carol Gilligan's criticisms of Kohlberg's theory? (Select all that apply)
It sees the individual standing alone independently making moral decisions. It puts abstract principles above relationships. It is based on a male norm.
______ refers to actions taken by an adolescent in breaking the law or engaging in behavior that is considered illegal.
Juvenile delinquency
The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels was:
Kohlberg.
Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence the religion and religiousness of adolescents?
Media and school
What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?
Moral
_____ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.
Moral
Based on a developmental study, which of the following statements apply to developmental changes in religiousness from ages 14 to 20?
More change occurred in attending religious services than in religiousness. Attendance of religious services declined between 14 and 18 years of age. Religiousness, such as frequency of prayer, declined from 14 to 20 years of age.
Baumeister and Vohs found that which of the following four main needs guide how people try to make sense of their lives?
Need for values Need for purpose Need for a sense of efficacy Need for self-worth
According to Kohlberg, which of the following are true about timing of the three levels of moral development? (Select all that apply)
Only a small number of those in early adulthood reason in postconventional ways. The levels occur in a sequence. Conventional reasoning begins to appear in early adolescence.
Which of the following are the three levels of moral thinking, according to Kohlberg?
Postconventional Preconventional Conventional
What is the most common offense type with which juvenile delinquents are charged?
Property offenses
______ behavior is caring about the welfare and right of others, feeling, concern, and empathy.
Prosocial
______ is the feeling of obligation to return a favor for a favor.
Reciprocity
______ is an organized set of beliefs, whereas ______ refers to the degree of affiliation with an organized religion.
Religion; religiousness
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding religion and coping?
Religiousness impairs effective coping.
According to Frankl, what are the three most distinct human qualities? (Choose every correct answer.)
Responsibility Freedom Spirituality
Which theory states that there are different areas of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains?
Social domain
______ stresses that children, even very young ones, are motivated to evaluate and make sense of their social world.
Social domain theory
______ involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society.
Spirituality
What can be concluded about religion and identity development?
Spirituality in adolescence and emerging adulthood transcends but does not necessarily exclude the assigned religious identity in childhood.
What is the moral branch of the personality in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
Superego
True or false: According to research, during their second year of life children will offer assistance to an unfamiliar experimenter, building on their awareness of others' intentions.
True
True or false: Although someone may be capable of higher moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg's levels, in real life he or she may not apply it.
True
True or false: Piaget concluded that parent-child relations are less likely than peer relations to advance moral reasoning in young children.
True
Which of the following questions focus on identify development over spiritual development?
What am I all about as a person? Why am I on this planet? Who am I?
A person with ______ does not want to go against his or her moral notions and commitments because it would violate the integrity of the self.
a moral identity
If a religious change is going to take place it will usually take place during
adolescence.
Although finances are tight, William contributes 10 percent of his income to his favorite charity. This is an act of:
altruism.
According to Ross Thompson's perspective, children ______ than Piaget envisioned.
are less egocentric
Which of the following aspects of the parent-child relationship does NOT contribute to a child's moral development?
authoritarian control
Carol Gilligan's _____ perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others. Listen to the complete question
care
Proponents of ______ believe that certain behaviors are wrong and that every school should have an explicit moral code that teaches students what is right and wrong.
character education
Adolescents and emerging adults can question and select their own beliefs about religion because of advancement in _____ development.
cognitive
Moral ______ includes what individuals are capable of doing, what they know, their skills, their awareness of moral rules and regulations, and their cognitive ability to construct behaviors.
competence
Thirteen-year-old Rilie sneaks out of the house often. She and her friends destroy property, drink alcohol, and smoke cigarettes. Of the following, Rilie would most likely be diagnosed with:
conduct disorder.
A juvenile who engages in illegal behavior is most commonly referred to as a(n):
delinquent.
The hidden curriculum is reflected in all of the following EXCEPT:
explicit moral instruction.
An aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation is called:
forgiveness.
Prosocial behavior includes forgiveness and ______, or the ability to be thankful and appreciative.
gratitude
According to Freud, ______ is the foundation of moral behavior.
guilt
Most schools do not have a plan for moral education; they provide moral education through a(n) _____ curriculum, or a moral atmosphere.
hidden
Most schools do not have a plan for moral education; they provide moral education through a(n) _____curriculum, or a moral atmosphere.
hidden
Individuals have a moral _____ when moral notions and commitments are central to their life.
identity
Young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will inevitably follow. This represents a belief in:
immanent justice.
Young children's moral advancements are best characterized as:
inconsistent.
Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's _____ perspective of moral development and argued for a(n) _____ perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others.
justice, care
As a result of cognitive development in adolescents, adolescents and emerging adults:
may begin to question their own religious beliefs.
Those who wish to link the ideas of religion and coping have introduced the concept of _____-making coping.
meaning
According to the World Values Survey, 18- to 24-year-olds in less developed countries were ______ likely to be religious compared to emerging adults in more developed countries.
more
Newer approaches to character education advocate:
more democratic solutions.
One of the biggest influences of religion on the sexuality of adolescents and emerging adults is that:
most churches discourage premarital sex.
Securely attached adolescents are more inclined to adopt the religious orientation of their:
parents.
In Kohlberg and Piaget's views of moral development, _____ play the primary role, and _____ provide role-taking opportunities. Listen to the complete question
peers, parents
Moral ______ is determined by motivation and the rewards and incentives to act in a specific moral way.
performance
Research shows that over the last several years, college-aged students are placing more value on:
self-fulfillment and material gain.
Research indicates that all of the following may underpin morality in young children, EXCEPT:
structured infant morality education.
Darcia Narváez argues that attention should be focused on ______, which involve focusing on students' sense of purpose, social engagement, community connections, and ethics.
sustaining climates
Heteronomous thinkers believe that rules are:
unchangeable.
Beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be according to what is important to an individual are:
values.
