Chapter 13 - Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late ChildhoodAssignment (sarah lee)

About ______ of all children whose parents divorce will have a stepparent within four years of the separation

half

Children at the ______ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people.

heteronomous

Research suggests self-esteem is derived from doing well at activities that are

important in one's culture.

In terms of Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, the term summarizes children's interest in how things are made and how they work.

industry

A major criticism of Kohlberg's theory has been that

it overemphasizes moral thought and under-emphasizes moral behavior.

The ______ perspective is a moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual and in which individuals independently make moral decisions.

justice

With regard to prosocial behavior, the biggest difference between males and females occurs for

kind and considerate behavior.

Knowing what it takes to make friends or what it takes to get peers to like you is a reflection of social

knowledge

As children move into the middle and late childhood years, parents spend (more/less) time with them

less

One important aspect of development in middle and late childhood is the ability to self-regulate, which is the ability to

manage behavior, emotions, and thoughts.

A rule regarding which fork to use when eating salad is an example of the focus of social conventional reasoning, while a rule about murder is an example of the focus of

moral reasoning.

In remarriages, divorces are ______ in first marriages.

more common than

In terms of peer status, a(n) child is not actively disliked but receives few nominations of any kind and is seldom chosen as a best friend.

neglected

According to Kohlberg, the effect of family on moral development is

not as important as peer relations.

Moral reasoning asserts that rules are

obligatory, widely accepted, and somewhat impersonal.

Recently, experts have suggested the existence of a ______ domain subject to the child's independent decision making and judgment. It includes issues such as control over one's body, privacy, and choice of friends and activities.

personal

In terms of peer status, the ______ child has social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, and maintains lines of communication with others.

popular

In terms of peer status, the child is frequently nominated as a best friend and is rarely disliked by peers.

popular

Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. Some researchers have found that children with a low level of perspective-taking skills engage in less (prosocial/antisocial) behavior than children with a higher level of these skills.

prosocial

As children develop their sense of self in middle and late childhood, they are increasingly likely to define themselves by their

psychological characteristics and traits. social groups.

The foundation of self-esteem and self-concept is linked to

quality parent-child interactions.

A good strategy to cope with stress is for children to learn to their thoughts, changing their perception of a stressful situation.

reframe

The development of self-, in middle and late childhood allows the development of social competence and achievement to occur.

regulation

In terms of peer status, children are seldom nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.

rejected

Developmentally, it is important for pre-elementary children to begin to understand that sharing involves a question of

right and wrong.

Domain-specific evaluations of the self are known as

self-concept

Donna perceives herself as a good person. She has high

self-esteem.

Five-year-olds who engage with Disney princess media and products

show more female gender stereotypical behavior one year later.

Social knowledge is best characterized as

social intelligence.

Generalizations about a group that reflect widely held beliefs are called

stereotype

Five-year-old Billy should like to rough-house and play with trucks, while his twin sister, Becky, is supposed to be kind to others and enjoy playing with dolls. These are examples of gender

stereotypes

When nine-year-old Aaron got angry, he used to act out and shout at his classmates, but he does not do that now when he gets angry. This particular example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to

suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions.

A child who identifies with a gender that is not consistent with their biological sex at birth is referred to as

transgender

True or false: Although Kohlberg's approach does capture much of the moral reasoning

true

True or false: In cross-cultural research, self-esteem has been found to be less related to personal values than to fulfilling values of other people in one's culture.

true

Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning consists of two stages: ethical principles and social contract or utility and individual rights.

universal

Researchers estimate that the percentage of time spent in social interaction with peers increases from approximately ______ percent at 2 years of age to more than ______ percent in middle to late childhood. Multiple choice question.

10; 30

______ morality is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.

Autonomous

Which of the following are one of the main ways that children cope with stress?

Avoidance Problem solving Emotional suppression Cognitive reappraisal

Males/Females) are more likely to to pay attention to physical attractiveness in mate selection, and (males/females) are more likely to show interest in people rather than things.

Blank 1: Males Blank 2: females

Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's perspective of moral development and argued for a(n) perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others.

Blank 1: justice Blank 2: care

Deborah Tannen distinguishes between (rapport/report) talk, which is preferred by females and (rapport/report) talk, which is preferred by males.

Blank 1: rapport Blank 2: report

Which of the following are the three most common types of stepfamily structures?

Blended Stepfather Stepmother

Some schools and teachers have biases against boys and girls. Which of the following are factors in how the classroom is biased against boys?

Boys are more likely to be criticized by their teachers. Classrooms often require children to be neat and orderly, which is not as characteristic of boys. A large majority of teachers are females.

Which of the following statements about bullying in the social context of the peer group is accurate?

Bullies often torment victims to gain higher status in the peer group.

Which of the statements are true regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood?

Children in middle and late childhood have improved their ability to suppress negative emotional reactions. Children in middle and late childhood have a capacity for genuine empathy. Children in elementary school have an increased understanding of complex emotions.

Not all friendships are positive. Which of the following would not be a positive friendship trait?

Coercion

Which of the following best describes prosocial behavior?

Concern and empathy for others

Which peer status includes children who are frequently nominated as someone's best friend and as being disliked?

Controversial

Which type of bullying is a new source of concern?

Cyberbullying

You encourage a friend to run for class officer. This is an example of which function of friendship?

Ego support

At about the age of 4, the combination of which two of the following leads to a sense of obligation in a child to share with others?

Empathic awareness Adult encouragement

Which of the following are true of the differences between the sexes? (Select all that apply.)

Even when gender differences occur, there is often overlap between males and females. Differences are averages and do not apply to all females or all males. Differences may be due primarily to biological factors, sociocultural factors, or both.

True or false: Conversations regarding moral development should only occur during a discipline encounter.

False

True or false: Gender differences are consistent among all males and females.

False

According to the analysis done by Tannen, why do females prefer rapport talk?

Females enjoy conversation that is relationship-oriented.

Which of the following statements are true regarding gender differences in emotion?

Girls are better at reading others' emotions. Boys tend to show less self-regulation than girls.

Which of the following are factors in how the classroom is biased against girls?

Girls are more compliant than boys, and this may diminish assertiveness in girls. Boys get more instruction than girls. Teachers spend more time watching and interacting with boys.

Which of the following are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

He did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account. He may have underestimated the contribution of family relationships to moral development.

Kasim does not take cookies without asking because he knows his parents will punish him. Which stage of Kohlberg's preconventional level of reasoning does this reflect?

Heteronomous morality

What is the first stage of Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning?

Heteronomous morality

Which of the following are the two stages in Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning?

Heteronomous morality, or punishment and obedience orientation Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

Positive peer relations in childhood have been linked to which of the following in adulthood?

Higher occupational status Better relationships with coworkers

Adam's teacher, Mr. Booker, did not say hello to him when they passed in the hall. Adam told himself that Mr. Booker was probably thinking about something and did not notice him. What is this an illustration of?

How children cope with stress using cognitive strategies such as reframing

Which of the following are aspects of the development of the self-understanding in middle and late childhood?

Increasing social comparison Increased recognition of social aspects of self Increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description

Which of Erik Erikson's stages typically occurs during middle to late childhood?

Industry versus inferiority

Older children should be able to cope with stress by appraising a stressful situation and determine how much control they have over it as well as all of the following. Select all that apply.

Know how to change their perception of the situation Shifting their thoughts to something that is less stressful Know how to reframe the situation

Positive peer relationships in middle and late childhood involve which of the following?

Maintaining quality friendships Resolving conflicts in nonaggressive ways

______ reasoning focuses on ethical issues and rules of right and wrong.

Moral

According to Narvaez and Gleason, the declines in prosocial behavior in recent years could be improved by which of the following?

More effective social supports for families and children Better child-rearing strategies

Who is most likely to undertake a managerial role in parenting?

Mother

Which peer status best describes Connie, who is shy and has low interaction with her classmates, but is not disliked?

Neglected

Which of the following are more likely in children with high self-esteem?

Parents who engage in sensitive caregiving Secure attachment to parents

Which of the following is especially important in the development of prosocial skills in children in middle and late childhood?

Perspective taking

Which term refers to the ability to assume other people's points of view and understand their thoughts and feelings?

Perspective taking

________ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.

Perspective taking

Which of the following are social contexts that can influence bullying?

Poverty Family School

Match Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning with its explanation. Instructions

Preconventional --> Individuals' moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishments. Conventional --> Individuals abide by the standards of others such as parents or the laws of society. Postconventional --> Individuals recognize alternative moral courses, explore the options, and then decide on a personal moral code.

______ behavior is showing empathy and acting altruistically.

Prosocial

______ is the language of conversation; it is a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships.

Rapport talk

Which of the following becomes especially important in peer interchanges during the elementary school years?

Reciprocity

______ is talk that is designed to give information.

Report talk

What does the role of parents as managers involve?

Setting up routines and schedules Monitoring and encouraging academic progress Structuring the family environment

Kohlberg's conventional reasoning level is characterized by which of the following?

Social system morality

Alden explains to his young son that traffic laws need to be followed by everyone for the good of the community. This reasoning illustrates which stage of Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning?

Social systems morality

According to critics, Kohlberg's theory ignored which of the following?

The role of emotion Whether moral reasoning is conscious or automatic

Itzak believes that every human being has the right to freedom, self-expression, and dignity. He has visited countries where these values are not supported, and he hopes to work to advance the cause of human rights. This reflects which stage of Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning?

The universal ethical principles stage

Which of the following are true of socially transitioned transgender children?

They have cognitive patterns more consistent with their expressed gender than their natal sex. They identified with their current gender by the age of 3. They are less likely to endorse gender stereotypes.

True or false: Across childhood, females engage in more prosocial behavior than males.

True

True or false: Boys tend to show less self-regulation than girls, and this low self-control can translate into behavior problems.

True

True or false: Children's notions of fairness is influenced by their cultural context.

True

True or false: In the United States, 40 percent of children are born to unmarried parents.

True

Males tend to score higher than females in which of the following categories?

Visuospatial skills Aggression Performance in same-sex groups

Aiden has not been well accepted by his peers since kindergarten. In fact, he has no friends at all, and some children say they dislike him. In terms of peer status, Aiden is

a rejected child.

Madeleine is about equally liked and disliked by the children in her class, receiving a typical (i.e., not unusual) number of both positive and negative nominations when her peers are asked. In terms of peer status, she is best described as

an average child.

According to the latest distinction in domain theory, some actions belong to a personal domain and _______ governed by moral strictures or social norms.

are not

There is nothing particularly unusual about Ramon. He gets along pretty well with most of his classmates; he is liked and disliked by an equal number of peers. In terms of peer status, Ramon can be described as a(n) child.

average

According to Kohlberg, as individuals progress through the levels of moral development, their morality

becomes more internal.

In a(n) stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily.

blended

In middle and late childhood, self-description increasingly involves psychological and social characteristics, including social

comparison.

In many Middle Eastern countries, males are socialized and schooled to work in the public sphere, females in the private world of home and child rearing. This is and example of the influence of on gender differences

context

Examining cross-cultural situations provides us with a window into the effect of

context on gender differences.

In terms of peer status, the ______ child is frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.

controversial

Bullying and harassment on the Internet is called

cyberbullying

One of the most effective bullying intervention programs, created by Dan Olweus, focuses on

decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying.

Jane has three children. Joey is 12, Jake is 5, and Jaedyn is 2 years old. Jane spends less time with the older two children. Her role for the oldest children is that of a

gatekeeper.

Broad categories that reflect generalizations and widely held beliefs about females and males are known as a

gender stereotype.

Self-esteem refers to ______ self evaluations, whereas self-concept refers to domain-______ evaluations.

global; specific