Chapter 13: The Immune Response and Lymphatic System

neutrophils

1st immune cell to respond. Phagocytic. Their death releases enzymes that aid in healing.

Vaccine

A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease, its products, or a synthetic substitute, treated to act as an antigen without inducing the disease

phagocytes

Engulf and destroy bacteria and cellular debris, aid in antigen processing and presenting. Monocytes & macrophages

dendritic

Involved in antigen presentation

artificial active immunity

Production of one's own antibodies or T cells as a result of vaccination against disease

lymphocytes

Responsible for antigen interaction, production of antibodies, immune memory T-cells, B-cells, NK cells

multiple sclerosis

a chronic paralyzing autoimmune disease of the central nervous system in which demyelination of axons in both the brain and spinal cord occur

T-cells

a class of lymphocytes involved in a variety of cell-mediated immune responses

phagosome

a membrane-bound vesicle in a phagocyte, containing phagocytosed material

IgA

a monomer in blood and a diner in secretions such as tears, saliva, and secretions of the respiratory and digestive tracts; also found in clostrum

IgG

a monomer produced by B cells; the major antibody in blood and lymphatic circulation; can cross the placenta

IgE

a monomer that binds to receptors on mast cells and basophils; implicated in allergic reactions

IgM

a pentamer and the largest of the immunoglobins; the first to provide immunoglobin activity in immune response

vaccine

a preparation of either killed or weakened microorganisms, or of inactivated bacterial toxins, that when administered will cause an immune response and protect the individual from future attacks by the pathogen or toxin

inflammatory response

a productive mechanism, which under certain circumstances may be harmful; begins when the skin is broken due to minor injury, it is often strong enough to prevent disease by stopping pathogenic microbes from entering other tissues

adaptive immune system

a response that is specific to a specific antigen and therefore also referred to as specific defense; represents the third line of defense of the immune system

interferons

a small protein produced naturally by certain white blood cells and by cells that have been infected by a virus

rheumatoid arthritis

a systemic autoimmune disease that causes progressive, debilitating damage to the joints

non-self antigens

an antigen or substance that is foreign to a person's immune system

immunoglobulins

another name for antibodies; lgs

Antibodies

any of a large number of proteins that are produced normally by specialized B cells after stimulation by an antigen and act specifically against the antigen in an immune response. Can be proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, or nucleic acids

Antigen

any substance that can stimulate the production of antibodies and combine specifically with them

immunity

body's ability to respond to a foreign substance

graves' disease

caused by autonantibodies that bind to the receptors of thyroid follicle cells

antigen-presenting cell

cells that take antigens, process them, and present parts of the sntigen to B and T cells to activate them

natural passive immunity

conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta or in breast milk

lymphatic tissue

consists of a framework of loose connective tissue with accumulations of lymphocytes in the interspaces

complement system

consists of more than 35 different soluble proteins found in extracellular fluid and influences both innate and acquired immunity

natural active immunity

exposure to the infectious agent occurs through infection

pyrexia

fever; a systemic response to extensive inflammation or microbial invasion

erythropoiesis

formation of erythrocytes

leukopoiesis

formation of white blood cells

red bone marrow

found in the flat and irregularly shaped bones and is considered the primary lymphoid organ. all blood cells originate from the hematopoietic stem cells

thymus gland

helps the immune system develop during childhood lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells

Immunosuppressed

immune system cannot respond appropriately to foreign substances

Immunocompetent

immune system functions properly

innate immunity

immunity existing naturally rather than acquired

phagocytosis

ingestion of solids by eukaryotic cells through the process of engulfment

artificial passive immunity

injection of an antiserum derived from an immune individual

tonsils

large lymphatic nodules that are essential components of early defense mechanisms; located in the wall of the pharynx they can remove foreign substances entering the body through ingestion or inhalation

lymphatic vessels

large vessels with valves, which collect and carry lymph to lymph nodes

spleen

largest lymphatic organ that filters the blood

IgD

monomer bound to the surface of B cells and plays a role in B-cell activation

secondary response

occurs when the body is exposed to the same immunogen weeks, months, or years later

lymphatic nodules

oval-shaped concentrations of lymphoid tissue not surrounded by a connective tissue capsule

Eosinophils

phagocytic and motile - Inc. during allergic reactions & stimulate the release of histamines

hemopoiesis

process of blood cell formation

lymphopoiesis

production of lymphocytes

myelopoiesis

production of monocytes and granulocytes

Basophils

promote inflammation

lymphatic nodes

small bean-shaped lymphatic organ, surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue capsule and ranging diameter from 1 to 25 mm

self-antigens

specific molecules on a cell surface that allows the body's immune system to recognize it as a "normal" host component

hemocytoblasts

stem cells that give rise to all the formed elements of the blood

immediate hypersensitivity (Type 1)

symptoms occur within seconds or minutes of exposure and is caused by an excessive response of B lymphocytes to an allergen

antibody titer

the antibody concentration in a serum

cytotoxic hypersensitivity (Type 2)

the antigens are located on the surface of specific cells or tissues

Immunity

the body's ability to respond to the presence of a foreign substance.

chemotaxis

the guided movement of a cell or organism as a result of a chemical attraction caused by chemotactic agents

primary response

the response of the immune system when exposed to specific antigen for the first time

Immunology

the study of the characteristics of the immune system, including the actions of cells, tissues, and organs that are specialized to protect the body from microorganisms and foreign substances

immune complex hypersensitivity (Type 3)

these reactions affect organs where anti-gen-antibody complexes are deposited

delayed hypersensitivity (Type 4)

these reactions usually take more than 24 hours