chapter 13:limbic system
Where is the prefrontal cortex located?
anterior portion of the frontal lobe
why can the hypothalamus regulate visceral activities via the ans?
axons extend from hypothalamus to sympathetic/parasympathetic (ans) nuclei in brain steam and spinal cord
Where is the subarachnoid space?
between arachnoid mater and pia mater
Where is the subdural space?
between dura mater and arachnoid mater
where is the common integrative area located?
bordered by somatosensory, visual, and auditory association areas
what is the cns made up of?
brain and spinal cord
what is the function of the hypothalamus?
controls body activities and contributes to regulating homeostasis
what is the function of the cingulate gyrus?
coordinates sensory input w/ emotions
What is the brain protected by?
cranial cavity of the skull
Where is the arachnoid mater located?
deep to the dura mater
what is the relationship between the denticulate ligaments and spinal cord?
denticulate ligaments suspend the spinal cord in the middle of its dura sheath that extends the full length of the spinal cord
what does the auditory association area allow you to do?
determine if sound is speech, music, or noise
what is the function of the septum pellucidum?
separates lateral ventricles
where is the parieto-occipital sulcus located?
separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe
what does the flax cerebelli separate?
separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum
What does the falx cerebri separate?
separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum
what does the primary somatosensory receive impulses for?
touch, proprioception, pain, itch, tickle, thermal, localize stimulus on body
what are the functions of the parietal lobe?
-auditory processing -language -motor control -long term memory -understand object/shape
what structures does general circulation of csf take place?
-central canal of spinal cord -subarachnoid space around surface of brain and spinal cord
what are the functions of the frontal lobe?
-decision making -emotions -motor control -sensory integration -language -memory
what does the somatosensory association allow you to do?
-integrate/interpret sensation, shape/texture w/o looking -orientation of object/body position -store memory of a sensory experience
how does the hypothalamus control hormone production?
-its hormones travel in blood stream through the infundibulum to pituitary gland to stimulate or inhibit secretion of pituitary hormones -axons extend through infundibulum to pituitary to release ot and aoh directly
what are the functions of the temporal lobe?
-language -understand object/shape -sensory integration
what are the functions of the reticular formation?
-maintain homeostasis -filter incoming sensory messages so as not to overlook brain familiar/repeated impulses ignored-new/unusual impulses passed onto the cerebral cortex -regulate muscle tone
What does Wenicke's area allow you to do?
-meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words -translate words into thoughts -right-> adds emotion
what is the premotor area allow you to do?
-muscle contraction in specific sequence, learned/skilled motor that are complex -repetition=muscle memory
what are the three major functions of the basal nuclei?
-regulate start/stop of movements -controls subconscious skeletal contractions -attention, memory, planning, emotional behaviors
What arrangement is the arachnoid mater?
-spider web
what is the meaning of functional asymmetry/hemispheric lateralization of the brain?
2 hemispheres share performance if many functions, but each hemisphere specializes in performing certain unique functions
What are meninges?
3 connective tissue layers(dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) encircling the brain and spinal cord and they are continuous with each other
what is the significance of the decussation of pyramids?
90% of axons left pyramid cross to the right and 90% of right cross to left-explains hemispheric lateralization
what kind of activities does the hypothalamus direct the ans to stimulate?
activities that promote heat loss, production, and retention (sweating, shivering, vasoconstriction, vasodilation)
what does the medulla oblongota contain?
all sensory-motor tracts between the spinal cord and other parts of the brain, some which form bulges called pyramids
what is the function of tracts in white matter?
allow impulses in the cns to communicate with its different regions
What are ependymal cells?
allows the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier to control the passage of substances from the blood into the csf
how do neurons make atp?
almost exclusively from glucose through reaction that use oxygen. (always at work)
Where is the precentral gyrus located?
anterior to central sulcus
what is the function of the inferior colliculi?
apart the auditory pathway, serves as reflex centers for the startle reflex
what structure is csf reabsorbed into the blood? (cns nourishment)
arachnoid villi
what is the function of the amygdala?
arousal and aversion (fear, aggression)
how are substances permitted through the blood brain barrier?
arteries-> capillaries->endothelial cells->cell junctions
what does the thalamus help regulate?
autonomic activities, emotions, maintenance of consciousness, pain perception, learning memory, and cognition
how does the hypothalamus monitor hydration?
by responding to rising osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid
what part of the brain contains almost half of the neurons?
cerebellum
what does the midbrain include?
cerebral peduncles, contains-sensory and motor neurons, the superior colliculi, and inferior colliculi
What does the pia mater contain?
cerebrospinal fluid csf to protect and nourish the cns
what are the four major parts of the brain?
cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem
where is csf produced?(cns nourishment)
choroid plexuses (each ventricle has its own)
what is the function of the fornix?
connects mammillary body to hippocampus
What is the diencephalon?
consists of thalamus and hypothalamus, which both serve as a connection between the cerebrum and brain stem
where does the dura mater of the brain adheres?
directly to the periosteum of the interior surface of the cranial bones
What does the dural sinus do?
drain blood from the brain to the jugular vein
Where is the epidural space located?
dura mater in vertebral cavity-between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal (in the spinal area only)
how does the hypothalamus regulate your circadian schedule?
establishes patterns of awakening and sleep
What are the 3 extensions of the dura mater?
falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli
What does the epidural space contain?
fat and connective tissues for protection
what is the relationship of gyri, fissures, and sulci in the cerebrum?
folds-gyri-> grooves btwn folds-fissures-> shallower grooves btwn folds- sulci
what does the common integrative area allow you to do?
form thoughts based on sensory inputs and cause response
what area of the brain do motor impulses mainly flow?
from the anterior part of each hemisphere
Where is the frontal eye field located?
frontal cortex
Where is the premotor area located?
frontal lobe (anterior)
where is the primary motor located?
frontal lobe in the precentral gyrus
what is the purpose of association areas?
generate patterns of recognition and awareness from sensory experiences
what are body functions controlled by the medulla?
heart rate, diameter of blood vessels, rhythm of breathing, heartbeat, reflexes for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and nuclei associated with touch proprioception, vibration and pressure
what is the function of corpus callosum?
hold together the right and left cerebral hemispheres
what happens if there is 1-2 mins of interrupted blood flow?
impairment
where does the spinal cord extend?
inferiorly from the medulla obolongota to the 1st or 2nd left vertebrae
Where is the pia mater located?
inner most membrane
What does the subdural space contain?
intersititial fluid (in brain and spinal areas)
show the circulation of csf. (cns nourishment)
lateral ventricle-> interventricular foramina-> 3rd ventricle-> cerebral aqueduct-> 4th ventricle-> lateral and median aperture-> subarachnoid space-> arachnoid villi
what are the names of the structures that are filled with CSF?(cns nourishment)
lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle
where is the broca's speech area located?
left frontal lobe
Where is Wernicke's area located?
left temporal and parietal lobes
Where is the cerebellum located?
located posterior to the brainstem
what are the functions of csf?
mechanical protection(shock absorber), chemical protection (optimal environment for neuronal signaling), circulation (medium exchange of nutrients and waste)
what is the function of the hippocampus?
memory formation
what does the association areas deal with?
memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgement, personality traits, and intelligence
what structures does the brainstem include?
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongota
what does the brain stem consist of?
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Where is the dura mater located?
most superficial and strongest layer
what do motor areas of the brain initiate?
movement
what does the right brain focus on?
musical/artistic, spatial, recognition
What are commissural tracts?
nerve impulses between both hemispheres
what are projections tracts?
nerve impulses from cerebrum to lower cns
What are association tracts?
nerve impulses in same hemisphere
Where is the visual association area located?
occipital lobe
What is a cerebrovascular accident?
occurs if arterial supply to the brain is blocked and there is loss of blood flow
where is the primary gustatory area located?
parietal lobe base
where is the primary somatosensory?
parietal lobe posterior to central sulcus
where is the somatosensory association located?
parietal lobe posterior to primary somatosensory
what does the pons connect?
parts of the brain with one another via bundles of axons called tracts
what happens if there is 4 mins of interrupted blood flow?
permanent damage
what does the the prefrontal cortex allow you to do?
personality, intellect, complex learning abilities, recall of info, initiative, judgment, foresight, reasoning, conscience, intuition, mood, planning for future, development of abstract ideas
what does the primary auditory area receive impulses for?
pitch and rhythm of sound
what is the function of the limbic system?
plays a primary in behaviors and emotions related to survival including pain, pleasure, docility, affection and anger, also functions in memory
where do sensory impulses mainly arrive?
posterior half of both cerebral hemispheres
where is the primary visual area located?
posterior tip of occipital lobe
what is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (csf)?
protects the brain and spinal cord and delivers important substances from the blood to the neurons and neuroglia
what is the function of the blood barrier?
protects the cns by preventing certain substances from passing from the blood into the interstitial fluid of the brain
what does the left brain focus on?
reasoning, numerical, scientific skills, spoken & written language, and ability to learn sign language
what is the function of the mammillary body?
receives olfactory inputs
what are the function of the structures of the brain stem?
relay centers for certain involuntary reflexes, eye movement, and certain autonomic functions
what is the role of the thalamus in sensory impulses?
relays precise sensory impulses from spinal cord, brain stem, and midbrain to sensory areas of cerebral cortex. crude sensations of pain thermal, pressure arise at____
what do sensory areas of the brain receive?
sensory impulses
what is the function of hippocampal gyrus?
sensory info to hippocampus
Where is the central sulcus located?
separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe
where is the lateral cerebral sulcus located?
separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe
what does the tentorium cerebelli separate?
separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
what is the function of the superior colliculi?
serves as reflex centers for certain visual activity
What is the choroid plexus?
sites of csf production; networks of capillaries in the walls of ventricles
what does the primary motor send impulses for?
skilled, complex, or delicate movement, voluntary contraction of specific skeletal muscles on the opposite side of the body
what does the primary olfactory area receive impulses for?
smell
what does the broca's speech area send impulses for
speaking and understanding language, breathing, planning and production of speech
what do the denticulate ligaments and spinal cords protect?
spinal cord from sudden displacement that could result in shock
where is the primary auditory area located?
superior part of temporal lobe
what area of the brain are associated areas found?
surfaces of all lobes of the cerebral cortex
what does the primary gustatory area receive impulses for?
taste
Where is the auditory association area located?
temporal lobe
where is the primary olfactory area located?
temporal lobe (medial, not visible)
what does the diencephalon include?
thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland
What is the cerebrum?
the largest part of the brain and consists of cerebral hemispheres (the right and left parts of the cerebrum)
What is the septum pellucidum?
thin membrane that anteriorly separates the lateral ventricle
what does the pia mater adhere to?
tightly to the brain and spinal cord
why does the hypothalamus respond to insulin?
to monitor food intake
why does the pineal gland secrete melatonin?
to promote sleepiness bc more melatonin is secreted during darkness than in light
why does the hypothalamus partner with the limbic system?
to regulate emotional and behavioral patterns
what is a function of the thalamus?
to serve as a relay station for sensory and motor impulses (info coming from and where it is going)
what is the role of the thalamus in motor impulses?
transmits info from cerebellum and based ganglia to primary motor areas of cerebral cortex
what does the visual association allow you to do?
used present and past experiences to recognize and evaluate what is seen
what is the spinal cord protected by?
vertebral canal of the vertebral column
what are the function of the occipital lobe?
vision
what does the primary visual area receive impulses for?
vision-shape, color, and movement
what does the frontal eye field are allow you to do?
voluntary scanning movements
what is the function of tracts?
where signals for voluntary movements are relaxed from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
what is the relationship between the pons and medulla oblongota?
work together to help control breathing