chapter 13:limbic system

Where is the prefrontal cortex located?

anterior portion of the frontal lobe

why can the hypothalamus regulate visceral activities via the ans?

axons extend from hypothalamus to sympathetic/parasympathetic (ans) nuclei in brain steam and spinal cord

Where is the subarachnoid space?

between arachnoid mater and pia mater

Where is the subdural space?

between dura mater and arachnoid mater

where is the common integrative area located?

bordered by somatosensory, visual, and auditory association areas

what is the cns made up of?

brain and spinal cord

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

controls body activities and contributes to regulating homeostasis

what is the function of the cingulate gyrus?

coordinates sensory input w/ emotions

What is the brain protected by?

cranial cavity of the skull

Where is the arachnoid mater located?

deep to the dura mater

what is the relationship between the denticulate ligaments and spinal cord?

denticulate ligaments suspend the spinal cord in the middle of its dura sheath that extends the full length of the spinal cord

what does the auditory association area allow you to do?

determine if sound is speech, music, or noise

what is the function of the septum pellucidum?

separates lateral ventricles

where is the parieto-occipital sulcus located?

separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe

what does the flax cerebelli separate?

separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum

What does the falx cerebri separate?

separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum

what does the primary somatosensory receive impulses for?

touch, proprioception, pain, itch, tickle, thermal, localize stimulus on body

what are the functions of the parietal lobe?

-auditory processing -language -motor control -long term memory -understand object/shape

what structures does general circulation of csf take place?

-central canal of spinal cord -subarachnoid space around surface of brain and spinal cord

what are the functions of the frontal lobe?

-decision making -emotions -motor control -sensory integration -language -memory

what does the somatosensory association allow you to do?

-integrate/interpret sensation, shape/texture w/o looking -orientation of object/body position -store memory of a sensory experience

how does the hypothalamus control hormone production?

-its hormones travel in blood stream through the infundibulum to pituitary gland to stimulate or inhibit secretion of pituitary hormones -axons extend through infundibulum to pituitary to release ot and aoh directly

what are the functions of the temporal lobe?

-language -understand object/shape -sensory integration

what are the functions of the reticular formation?

-maintain homeostasis -filter incoming sensory messages so as not to overlook brain familiar/repeated impulses ignored-new/unusual impulses passed onto the cerebral cortex -regulate muscle tone

What does Wenicke's area allow you to do?

-meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words -translate words into thoughts -right-> adds emotion

what is the premotor area allow you to do?

-muscle contraction in specific sequence, learned/skilled motor that are complex -repetition=muscle memory

what are the three major functions of the basal nuclei?

-regulate start/stop of movements -controls subconscious skeletal contractions -attention, memory, planning, emotional behaviors

What arrangement is the arachnoid mater?

-spider web

what is the meaning of functional asymmetry/hemispheric lateralization of the brain?

2 hemispheres share performance if many functions, but each hemisphere specializes in performing certain unique functions

What are meninges?

3 connective tissue layers(dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) encircling the brain and spinal cord and they are continuous with each other

what is the significance of the decussation of pyramids?

90% of axons left pyramid cross to the right and 90% of right cross to left-explains hemispheric lateralization

what kind of activities does the hypothalamus direct the ans to stimulate?

activities that promote heat loss, production, and retention (sweating, shivering, vasoconstriction, vasodilation)

what does the medulla oblongota contain?

all sensory-motor tracts between the spinal cord and other parts of the brain, some which form bulges called pyramids

what is the function of tracts in white matter?

allow impulses in the cns to communicate with its different regions

What are ependymal cells?

allows the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier to control the passage of substances from the blood into the csf

how do neurons make atp?

almost exclusively from glucose through reaction that use oxygen. (always at work)

Where is the precentral gyrus located?

anterior to central sulcus

what is the function of the inferior colliculi?

apart the auditory pathway, serves as reflex centers for the startle reflex

what structure is csf reabsorbed into the blood? (cns nourishment)

arachnoid villi

what is the function of the amygdala?

arousal and aversion (fear, aggression)

how are substances permitted through the blood brain barrier?

arteries-> capillaries->endothelial cells->cell junctions

what does the thalamus help regulate?

autonomic activities, emotions, maintenance of consciousness, pain perception, learning memory, and cognition

how does the hypothalamus monitor hydration?

by responding to rising osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid

what part of the brain contains almost half of the neurons?

cerebellum

what does the midbrain include?

cerebral peduncles, contains-sensory and motor neurons, the superior colliculi, and inferior colliculi

What does the pia mater contain?

cerebrospinal fluid csf to protect and nourish the cns

what are the four major parts of the brain?

cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem

where is csf produced?(cns nourishment)

choroid plexuses (each ventricle has its own)

what is the function of the fornix?

connects mammillary body to hippocampus

What is the diencephalon?

consists of thalamus and hypothalamus, which both serve as a connection between the cerebrum and brain stem

where does the dura mater of the brain adheres?

directly to the periosteum of the interior surface of the cranial bones

What does the dural sinus do?

drain blood from the brain to the jugular vein

Where is the epidural space located?

dura mater in vertebral cavity-between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal (in the spinal area only)

how does the hypothalamus regulate your circadian schedule?

establishes patterns of awakening and sleep

What are the 3 extensions of the dura mater?

falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli

What does the epidural space contain?

fat and connective tissues for protection

what is the relationship of gyri, fissures, and sulci in the cerebrum?

folds-gyri-> grooves btwn folds-fissures-> shallower grooves btwn folds- sulci

what does the common integrative area allow you to do?

form thoughts based on sensory inputs and cause response

what area of the brain do motor impulses mainly flow?

from the anterior part of each hemisphere

Where is the frontal eye field located?

frontal cortex

Where is the premotor area located?

frontal lobe (anterior)

where is the primary motor located?

frontal lobe in the precentral gyrus

what is the purpose of association areas?

generate patterns of recognition and awareness from sensory experiences

what are body functions controlled by the medulla?

heart rate, diameter of blood vessels, rhythm of breathing, heartbeat, reflexes for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and nuclei associated with touch proprioception, vibration and pressure

what is the function of corpus callosum?

hold together the right and left cerebral hemispheres

what happens if there is 1-2 mins of interrupted blood flow?

impairment

where does the spinal cord extend?

inferiorly from the medulla obolongota to the 1st or 2nd left vertebrae

Where is the pia mater located?

inner most membrane

What does the subdural space contain?

intersititial fluid (in brain and spinal areas)

show the circulation of csf. (cns nourishment)

lateral ventricle-> interventricular foramina-> 3rd ventricle-> cerebral aqueduct-> 4th ventricle-> lateral and median aperture-> subarachnoid space-> arachnoid villi

what are the names of the structures that are filled with CSF?(cns nourishment)

lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle

where is the broca's speech area located?

left frontal lobe

Where is Wernicke's area located?

left temporal and parietal lobes

Where is the cerebellum located?

located posterior to the brainstem

what are the functions of csf?

mechanical protection(shock absorber), chemical protection (optimal environment for neuronal signaling), circulation (medium exchange of nutrients and waste)

what is the function of the hippocampus?

memory formation

what does the association areas deal with?

memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgement, personality traits, and intelligence

what structures does the brainstem include?

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongota

what does the brain stem consist of?

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Where is the dura mater located?

most superficial and strongest layer

what do motor areas of the brain initiate?

movement

what does the right brain focus on?

musical/artistic, spatial, recognition

What are commissural tracts?

nerve impulses between both hemispheres

what are projections tracts?

nerve impulses from cerebrum to lower cns

What are association tracts?

nerve impulses in same hemisphere

Where is the visual association area located?

occipital lobe

What is a cerebrovascular accident?

occurs if arterial supply to the brain is blocked and there is loss of blood flow

where is the primary gustatory area located?

parietal lobe base

where is the primary somatosensory?

parietal lobe posterior to central sulcus

where is the somatosensory association located?

parietal lobe posterior to primary somatosensory

what does the pons connect?

parts of the brain with one another via bundles of axons called tracts

what happens if there is 4 mins of interrupted blood flow?

permanent damage

what does the the prefrontal cortex allow you to do?

personality, intellect, complex learning abilities, recall of info, initiative, judgment, foresight, reasoning, conscience, intuition, mood, planning for future, development of abstract ideas

what does the primary auditory area receive impulses for?

pitch and rhythm of sound

what is the function of the limbic system?

plays a primary in behaviors and emotions related to survival including pain, pleasure, docility, affection and anger, also functions in memory

where do sensory impulses mainly arrive?

posterior half of both cerebral hemispheres

where is the primary visual area located?

posterior tip of occipital lobe

what is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (csf)?

protects the brain and spinal cord and delivers important substances from the blood to the neurons and neuroglia

what is the function of the blood barrier?

protects the cns by preventing certain substances from passing from the blood into the interstitial fluid of the brain

what does the left brain focus on?

reasoning, numerical, scientific skills, spoken & written language, and ability to learn sign language

what is the function of the mammillary body?

receives olfactory inputs

what are the function of the structures of the brain stem?

relay centers for certain involuntary reflexes, eye movement, and certain autonomic functions

what is the role of the thalamus in sensory impulses?

relays precise sensory impulses from spinal cord, brain stem, and midbrain to sensory areas of cerebral cortex. crude sensations of pain thermal, pressure arise at____

what do sensory areas of the brain receive?

sensory impulses

what is the function of hippocampal gyrus?

sensory info to hippocampus

Where is the central sulcus located?

separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

where is the lateral cerebral sulcus located?

separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe

what does the tentorium cerebelli separate?

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

what is the function of the superior colliculi?

serves as reflex centers for certain visual activity

What is the choroid plexus?

sites of csf production; networks of capillaries in the walls of ventricles

what does the primary motor send impulses for?

skilled, complex, or delicate movement, voluntary contraction of specific skeletal muscles on the opposite side of the body

what does the primary olfactory area receive impulses for?

smell

what does the broca's speech area send impulses for

speaking and understanding language, breathing, planning and production of speech

what do the denticulate ligaments and spinal cords protect?

spinal cord from sudden displacement that could result in shock

where is the primary auditory area located?

superior part of temporal lobe

what area of the brain are associated areas found?

surfaces of all lobes of the cerebral cortex

what does the primary gustatory area receive impulses for?

taste

Where is the auditory association area located?

temporal lobe

where is the primary olfactory area located?

temporal lobe (medial, not visible)

what does the diencephalon include?

thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland

What is the cerebrum?

the largest part of the brain and consists of cerebral hemispheres (the right and left parts of the cerebrum)

What is the septum pellucidum?

thin membrane that anteriorly separates the lateral ventricle

what does the pia mater adhere to?

tightly to the brain and spinal cord

why does the hypothalamus respond to insulin?

to monitor food intake

why does the pineal gland secrete melatonin?

to promote sleepiness bc more melatonin is secreted during darkness than in light

why does the hypothalamus partner with the limbic system?

to regulate emotional and behavioral patterns

what is a function of the thalamus?

to serve as a relay station for sensory and motor impulses (info coming from and where it is going)

what is the role of the thalamus in motor impulses?

transmits info from cerebellum and based ganglia to primary motor areas of cerebral cortex

what does the visual association allow you to do?

used present and past experiences to recognize and evaluate what is seen

what is the spinal cord protected by?

vertebral canal of the vertebral column

what are the function of the occipital lobe?

vision

what does the primary visual area receive impulses for?

vision-shape, color, and movement

what does the frontal eye field are allow you to do?

voluntary scanning movements

what is the function of tracts?

where signals for voluntary movements are relaxed from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

what is the relationship between the pons and medulla oblongota?

work together to help control breathing