Chapter 14 - Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

Phagocytosis: the ingestion of any solid matter (including microorganisms) by a cell. a. Granulocytes - contain granules in cytoplasm - release histamine - inflammation & allergic responses *Mast cells are tissue cells that are related to ___________ and have similar function 1. Basophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Neutrophils

1. Basophils

Inflammation A. Causes - acids, bases, gases 1. Chemical agents 2. Physical agents

1. Chemical agents

C. Mechanism of Phagocytosis - chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms a. microbial products; components of WBCs, damaged tissue, complement proteins. 1. Chemotaxis 2. Adherence

1. Chemotaxis

Phagocytosis: the ingestion of any solid matter (including microorganisms) by a cell. b. Monocytes - circulate in blood - leave blood & move into tissues where they differentiate to become macrophages ( highly phagocytic) - located in certain tissues - liver, lungs, spleen, bronchi, peritoneal cavity, nervous system, bone marrow. 1. Fixed Macrophages 2. Dendritic Cells 3. Wandering Macrophages

1. Fixed Macrophages

Phagocytosis: the ingestion of any solid matter (including microorganisms) by a cell. - contain granules in cytoplasm 1. Granulocytes 2. Monocytes 3. Lymphocytes

1. Granulocytes

Inflammation E. Vasodilation and Increased Permeability of Blood Vessels - released by mast cells, platelets, basophils 1. Histamine 2. Kinins 3. Vasodilation 4. Edema (swelling)

1. Histamine

Phagocytosis: the ingestion of any solid matter (including microorganisms) by a cell. - number of WBCs increases in infections : meningitis, mono, appendicitis, pnemococcal pneumonia. 1. Leukocytosis 2. Leukopenia 3. Platelets

1. Leukocytosis

Phagocytosis: the ingestion of any solid matter (including microorganisms) by a cell. c. Lymphocytes - cell-mediated immunity (killer cells, helper cells, suppressor cells) 1. T-lymphocytes 2. B-lymphocytes

1. T-lymphocytes

Inflammation F. Phagocytic Migration and Phagocytosis - cells stick to the margin of the blood vessels ; squeeze through the blood vessels to enter the tissues 1. margination 2. emigration

1. margination

Phagocytosis: the ingestion of any solid matter (including microorganisms) by a cell. A. Formed elements of the Blood - cells or cell fragments - fluid portion of the blood 1. plasma 2. erythrocytes 3. leukocytes

1. plasma

C. Mechanism of Phagocytosis - attachment of phagocyte to surface of microorganism or foreign material 1. Chemotaxis 2. Adherence

2. Adherence

C. Mechanism of Phagocytosis - inhibited by capsules or M-protein - opsonization - microorganisms are coated with particles (antibodies or complement proteins) - facilitates phagocytosis. 1. Chemotaxis 2. Adherence

2. Adherence

Phagocytosis: the ingestion of any solid matter (including microorganisms) by a cell. c. Lymphocytes - produce antibodies 1. T-lymphocytes 2. B-lymphocytes

2. B-lymphocytes

Phagocytosis: the ingestion of any solid matter (including microorganisms) by a cell. b. Monocytes - circulate in blood - leave blood & move into tissues where they differentiate to become macrophages ( highly phagocytic) - derived from monocyte lineage - found in tissues; act as antigen-presenting cells 1. Fixed Macrophages 2. Dendritic Cells 3. Wandering Macrophages

2. Dendritic Cells

Phagocytosis: the ingestion of any solid matter (including microorganisms) by a cell. a. Granulocytes - contain granules in cytoplasm - some phagocytosis - toxic against parasites, increased in allergic reactions 1. Basophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Neutrophils

2. Eosinophils

Fever - an abnormally high body temperature - controls the body temperature 1. Brain 2. Hypothalalmus 3. Pituitary Gland 4. Thyroid

2. Hypothalalmus

Inflammation E. Vasodilation and Increased Permeability of Blood Vessels e.g. bradykinin 1. Histamine 2. Kinins 3. Vasodilation 4. Edema (swelling)

2. Kinins

Phagocytosis: the ingestion of any solid matter (including microorganisms) by a cell. - decrease in WBCs - salmonellosis, some viral or rickettsial diseases. 1. Leukocytosis 2. Leukopenia 3. Platelets

2. Leukopenia

Phagocytosis: the ingestion of any solid matter (including microorganisms) by a cell. - circulate in blood - leave blood & move into tissues where they differentiate to become macrophages ( highly phagocytic) 1. Granulocytes 2. Monocytes 3. Lymphocytes

2. Monocytes

Inflammation A. Causes - heat, radiation, electricity, sharp objects 1. Chemical agents 2. Physical agents

2. Physical agents

Inflammation F. Phagocytic Migration and Phagocytosis - wandering macrophages 1. margination 2. emigration

2. emigration

Phagocytosis: the ingestion of any solid matter (including microorganisms) by a cell. A. Formed elements of the Blood - cells or cell fragments - red blood cells 1. plasma 2. erythrocytes 3. leukocytes

2. erythrocytes

Phagocytosis: the ingestion of any solid matter (including microorganisms) by a cell. - Not phagocytic; role is in specific immunity - Found in: tonsils, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, blood 1. Granulocytes 2. Monocytes 3. Lymphocytes

3. Lymphocytes

Phagocytosis: the ingestion of any solid matter (including microorganisms) by a cell. a. Granulocytes - contain granules in cytoplasm - PMNs - phagocytic - initial stages of infection 1. Basophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Neutrophils

3. Neutrophils

Phagocytosis: the ingestion of any solid matter (including microorganisms) by a cell. - fragments of cells that function in blood clotting 1. Leukocytosis 2. Leukopenia 3. Platelets

3. Platelets

Inflammation E. Vasodilation and Increased Permeability of Blood Vessels - increased diameter of blood vessels a. increases blood flow to damaged area - redness & heat 1. Histamine 2. Kinins 3. Vasodilation 4. Edema (swelling)

3. Vasodilation

Phagocytosis: the ingestion of any solid matter (including microorganisms) by a cell. b. Monocytes - circulate in blood - leave blood & move into tissues where they differentiate to become macrophages ( highly phagocytic) - migrate through blood into tissues 1. Fixed Macrophages 2. Dendritic Cells 3. Wandering Macrophages

3. Wandering Macrophages

Phagocytosis: the ingestion of any solid matter (including microorganisms) by a cell. A. Formed elements of the Blood - cells or cell fragments - white blood cells 1. plasma 2. erythrocytes 3. leukocytes

3. leukocytes

Inflammation E. Vasodilation and Increased Permeability of Blood Vessels - increased permeability 1. Histamine 2. Kinins 3. Vasodilation 4. Edema (swelling)

4. Edema (swelling)